Internal and External Factors Affecting the Size of Paddy Field Sold

This study attempted to identify internal condition of the farmers who sold their paddy field and analyze the effects of age, education level, number of family members, field productivity, location, and production cost to the total area of paddy field sold. This study used quantitative descriptive method. This research found that age, education level, number of family members, and location of the land had positive relation to the total area of paddy field sold. On the other hand, production cost and field productivity had negative relation to the total area of paddy field sold. Partially, field production and number of family members had no significant effect to the total area of paddy field sold.


INTRODUCTION
Cianjur is one of many types of Regency in West Java Province. Cianjur Regency is well known of its quality of paddy. One of them is the tasty and perfect pandan scented, Pandan Wangi paddy. Healthy production number of paddy in Cianjur Regency has made it known as the national granary.
contributor in West Java Province.
Referring to the data from Department of Agriculture of West Java Province, in 2012 Cianjur Regency had contributed 7.3% of total paddy production in West Java Province. In 2013, it decreased to 6.9%. The results were strongly supported by resource potential of Cianjur Regency, especially in its agricultural sector. Cianjur Regency has approximately 361,434.98 hectare of area, in which 237.650 hectare of agricultural land (65.8%) divided into two sectors, 66.180 hectare of paddy Economic structure of Cianjur Regency depends on agricultural sector. Recently productivity of agricultural sector has been decreasing. It is worrisome because agricultural sector might not be the dominance sector of Cianjur Regency economy in the near future anymore.
In line with rapid growth of economy and population, Cianjur Regency government has been active in regional development. This rapid regional development led to increased demand for business activities. Changes in agricultural land into . In one of the studies comparing conversion in developed, developing, and less developed countries, it was said that land conversion in Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 17 (2), December 2016, 1 1 developed countries were more controllable than land conversion in developing and less developing countries (H. Azadi, et al., 2010). Utomo (1992) stated that land use conversion or commonly known as land conversion was changing the function of some or all of the land area from the original function into another function that resulted in a negative impact to the environment and the land potential itself. Irawan (2005) stated that there were three more than dry soil because of past development which focused on increasing production. Third, rather than on dry soil areas which mostly located in the hills and mountains. Java Island is only about 6.9% of the land area of Indonesia. This island contributing to 52.32% of Indonesia's rice production. On the other side, Java Island is an island with the highest population density, resulting high pressure on the existing developed at the outside of the island to compensate the yield loss due to decreasing productivity of the Based on the experts' views, land conversion occured in Cianjur Regency was happened purposes. The land conversion was focused on the north side of Cianjur Regency, mostly in and Bojongpicung. The location of the districts are located close to big cities such as Jakarta and Bandung. very far from the city center with the poor road conditions (Benny, 2011).
The effect of industrial development forced the people to commit on land conversion from residential sites or other supporting facilities. Land conversion was fueled by higher buying price which attracted farmers to sell their land (Jiang, Li., et al., industrial estates, mainly in the urban periphery, has transformed prime agricultural land into large 1997).
article 39 paragraph 2, it is said that big Industrial Zone as referred in paragraph (1) letter a, located regarding Industrial Zone, Industrial Designation Zone is a stretch of land for industrial activities based the provisions of the legislation. It is no surprise that many cases of land conversion were found in Based on reported data from Development of District, throughout 2012 until 2015, there were 93 hectare or 3.9% land conversions of total area of conversions occurred only in four of ten villages in experienced the largest land conversion out of the four, as many as 50 hectare or 17.7% of total paddy planned that the development will be expanded and might cause an even greater land conversion in the near future. Industrial development in forced the landowners to sell their lands.
In general, the land owners would not sell their agricultural land if there no driving factors rising from themselves. Internal factors played the landowners to sell their agricultural land. The factors could be from internal condition of the farmers and also from natural external environment or other economic factors.

Research Method
The method used in this research was descriptive analysis method and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis method was used to give an explanation and interpretation of the data as well as information on the tabulation of data. Quantitative analysis method by multiple regression analysis was aimed to determine the internal and external factors in uencing the farmers to sell their land.

Operationalisation of Research Variables
Studies on land conversion were carried out in Indonesia and some other countries as well. From earlier studies analysis, and based on supporting theories, factors in uencing the sale of paddy elds in Sukasirana Village, Sukaluyu District, Cian ur egency could be classi ed into two groups: internal factors and external factors.

Sampling Method
The sampling method used in this study was snowball sampling. Snowball sampling technique I household condition. Other similar research showed that economically, the main factor in determining the income, effectiveness of agricultural activity, and development of the land paddy's (Benu, A. (1994) stated that there were two contributing agricultural uses, external and internal. Internal factors related to location and land potential (including land productivity), pattern of ownership (including land size), number of family members and income. External factors were urbanization, social and economy condition, and government policy.
Family internal factor was direct factor in uenced by farmer s internal condition. This study covered age, education level, and number of family members. This family internal factor corresponded to some previous studies such as Allahyari, M.S.,et al.(2013), Hariri, et al. (2012, Zollinger, B., and Krannich, R.S. (2002), and Aryani (2014) among others.
External factors divided to (a) natural factor and (b) government policy. Natural factor was approached using land productivity variable. Several other studies which included land productivity as one of the variables affecting the sale or conversion of agricultural land were researches conducted by Irawan (2008), Aryani (2014), P.K. Govindaprasad and Manikandan, K. (2014), Zollinger, B., and Krannich, R.S. (2002). Government policy factor was an indirect factor as a result of government support, which led to changes in economic aspects. In present research, location of the land and cost of production were used as proxy of government s policy factors.
ther studies that used land location variable as elements affecting the sale of land were researches conducted by Huang, D. was a form of non-probability sampling method. This method was chosen because the number of population that would be studied was not known for certain. The method was done by looking for the rst sample and interviewing them. Then the sample would be asked to recommend other people to be interviewed in accordance to the desired criteria, and so forth (Aryani, 2014).
Respondents in this study were the landowners who sold their paddy eld for the bene t of industrial purposes in Sukasirna Village, Sukaluyu District, Cianjur Regency. There were total of 32 respondents.

Model and Method of Analysis
Independent variables of age, education level, and number of family member, land productivity, land location, and the cost of production of the total area of agricultural land sold were analyzed using multiple regression method with an approach to ordinary least squares ( S). The relationship between independent variables and dependent variables had the following function: (1)

Where: education attained)
A form of regression equation was formulated from the function (1) as follow: (2) Where:

Descriptive Analysis
Characteristics of respondents were described according to the following aspects: (a) gender, (b) age, (c) education level, (d) number of family members, (e) experience in farming, (f) employment outside of farming, (g) total area of agricultural land sold, (h) paddy eld productivity.
Field observation showed that landowners in Sukasirna village were dominated by women. The respondents were 17 female (53.1%) and 15 male (46.9%). Most of the respondents had around 4-5 family members. The survey showed that 65.5% of respondents were over 50 years old and 40.6% of the respondents did not nished primary school. Age and education were two factors that determined one s mindset to make a decision to sell the paddy eld.
The total area paddy eld owned by the respondents were vary, most respondent (56.3%) had 1.000-5.000 m 2 and only one respondent had more than one hectare. Because they considered that their paddy eld not in economic scale size, land management and irrigation problem in the future, the paddy eld were sold for the bene t of industrial area.
In the last three years after the development of industrial area, grain yield tended to decrease. The average eld productivity or grain yield obtained ranged from 5 to 6 tons per hectare in each harvest. Some of the respondents assumed Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 17 (2), December 2016, 1 -1 that the industrial development had negative impacts on environment such as pollution and disturbance of the irrigation system.
The location of the land for industrial purpose was mainly located around 0.02 km -2 km to the main road. ther survey results showed that the majority of the lands sold were located around 0.5 to 1 km to the main road. If the results were compared to the nearer location of the eld, which was less than 0.5 km to the main road, only 28.1% of the respondents had sold their land.
Cost of production was the cost incurred by the landowner or the respondent to manage the eld, which consisted of expenses for seed, fertilizer, and medicine. The cost of production ranged between Rp. 1,000,000 -Rp. 2,000,000 per hectare per harvest period.

Quantitative Analysis
Using multiple regression technique and regression equation in equation (2), the following regression results were obtained: Based on the result of the linear regression, hypothesis test using t-test and F-test, and other classic assumption test were tested next.
T-test were performed to calculate the regression coef cient of each independent variables so that the in uence of each independent variable on the dependent variable could be determined. ith df = n-k = 32-7 = 25 and = 10%, then the value of t table 1.708 was obtained. By comparing the value of t stat and the value of t table , the result of independent variables were obtained, which partially signi cantly affected the total area of agricultural land sold. Those variables were age, education level, land location and production cost. Number of family members and land productivity variables partially had no signi cant effect on the total area of agricultural land sold.
F-test was performed to determine the effect of independent variables simultaneously on dependent variables. Based on the result of regression, F stat value of 7.246321 was obtained. As the DF1 = 7-1 = 6, and DF2 = 32-7 = 25 and = 10%, F ne of the method that was widely used for normality test was Jarque-Bera (JB) test. The test criteria was if JB > X 2 then was rejected and was accepted. n the contrary if JB then was accepted dan was rejected. From the test result by Jarque-Bera (JB) test, value of X 2 of the 10% chi square table and df=k=7 is 12.01704. Thus the value of Jarque-Bera or 0.989162 12.01704, which means that residual was normally distributed.
ooking at the results of the correlation matrix of the independent variables could be done to detect whether multicolinearity symptoms were present or not.

Relationship between Age and Total Area of Paddy Field Sold
The age had positive and signi cant correlation with the size area of paddy eld sold. This was consistent with the hypothesis that age positively affected total area of agricultural land sold. This means that the older the respondent, the bigger the area of paddy eld sold or the younger the respondent, the smaller the area of paddy eld sold. Age became a factor that could determine one s mindset to make a decision. These results were also in accordance to the opinion of Allahyari, M.S., et al. (2013) which stated that factor of age was one of the farmer s individual factors that affected how they would use their land.

Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 17 (2), December 2016, 1 -1
The research done by Harini, et al. (2012) stated that the variable of age did not signi cant affect land conversion. Comparing the research to present research, age had a positive and signi cant relation because most of the land owners (respondents) were people over 60 years old.
Age also closely related to a person s physical ability to do a job or productive activity. Additionally, old age was identical to having grown up children, some already married. This condition could encourage parents to immediately share their inheritance rights. Selling their paddy elds could be one of the reasons because no child wanted to continue taking care of their croplands. This was in line with research results by Zollinger, B., and Krannich, R.S. Krannich (2002) which stated that the farmers who had reached retirement age and lack of children to take care of the eld were the reasons why farmers sold their agricultural land.

Relationship between Education Level and Total Area of Paddy Field Sold
Education level had a positive and signi cant correlation with total area of paddy eld sold. This was not consistent with the hypothesis that level of education negatively correlated with the total area of paddy eld sold. High educated farmers tend to manage their business better than low educated farmers. It could be said that high educated farmer more productive than low educated farmers. High productivity of agricultural land could be a reason for the farmers to not sell their land.
The education level signi cantly affected the total area of paddy eld sold, while research done by Harini, et al., (2012) stated that education level variable did not signi cantly affect land conversion. This condition was happened because the majority of respondents who had sold their paddy eld were those with low level of education.
The farmer s education level could affect the performance in managing the eld. The higher the education, the more knowledge and insight they would have, that could improve their skills in managing their business. Better business management would surely have a positive impact on their income. The research results by Xaba, B.G and Masuku, M.B (2013) explained positive role of education on the farmer s pro t.
Generally, the skills or the abilities of the farmer to manage agricultural land were not acquired from education, but from their experiences. With this experience, they manage agricultural land traditionally. They did not require knowledge gained from education. Thus neither high nor low levels of formal education affected the respondent s decision to sell their eld.

Relationship between Numbers of Family Members and Total Area of Paddy Field Sold
The number of family members had a positive and not signi cant relation with total area of paddy eld sold. This was consistent with the hypothesis that the numbers of family members have a positive relation with total area of paddy eld sold. More family members increase family expenditure. It could in uence the respondents to sell their eld.
This result was consistent with research done by Hariri, et al. (2012). Another research conducted by Aryani (2014) stated that number of family members signi cantly affected the rate of land conversion. The number of family members did not signi cantly affect total area of paddy eld sold because the burden of the family members was not a reason for the respondent to sell their eld. The other reason was the respondents were old and had grown up children, even married. It caused the reduction of family members, and the income they earned from agricultural land was considered suf cient for their daily needs.

Relationship between Land Productivity and Total Area of Paddy Field Sold
and productivity had a negative and not signi cant relation with total area of paddy eld sold. This was consistent with the hypothesis that land productivity had a negative correlation to total area of paddy eld sold. This means that the lower the productivity of the land, the bigger the total area of paddy eld sold or the higher the productivity of the land, the smaller the total area of paddy eld sold. This was in accordance with the opinion of Irawan (2008) which stated that the more productive the land, the more expensive it would be.
ow land productivity caused a loss and it was possible for them to decide on selling their paddy eld. This was in accordance with the opinion of P.K. Govindaprasad and Manikandan, K. (2014) which stated that when the pro t margin obtained by farmer was relatively lower than investment in other sectors, farmer would begin to think of switching business. ther research results indicated that the decline in farmer s pro ts was a factor that caused farmer to sell their land (Zollinger, B., and Krannich, R.S., 2002).
This result was consistent with research done by Aryani (2014). The productivity of the land did not signi cantly affect total area of paddy eld sold because the ratio between respondents who had land productivity of less than 5 and more than 5.01 tons per hectare per harvest were in balance. This showed that the productivity of the land did not signi cant in uence the respondent to sell their farm. The other landowners who had sold their elds could be the reason and affect of the respondent to sell their eld.

Relationship between Field Site and Total Area of Paddy Field that has been Sold
and location had a positive and signi cant correlation with total area of paddy eld sold. This means that the closer the location to the main road, the higher total area of paddy sold, or the further the location to the main road, the lower total area of paddy eld sold. This hypothesis was in accordance with the opinion of Huang, D. (2015) which stated that the location of fertile soil in certain areas was a key factor affecting the use of land. and location had a signi cant in uence on whether the land was converted to other uses or not.
Signi cantly relation between location and total paddy sold were in line with research conducted by Harini, et al. (2012). Coef cient value that was incompatible with the hypothesis posed a problem that had to be identi ed. Based on the survey, the majority of the lands location that sold by the respondents were located 0.5 -1 km from the main road, while many lands closer to the main road had not been sold yet.
This occured because people who owned paddy eld close to the main road were still maintaining their land. They will sell the land when the price of land has been in accordance with their expectations. Those who owned land close to the main road had high bargaining position. They tended to set higher price of their paddy eld than the land far away from the main road.

Relationship between Production Cost and Total Area of Paddy Field Sold
Cost of production negatively and signi cant correlated with total area of paddy eld sold. This was not consistent with the hypothesis that production cost had correlation with total area of paddy eld sold. This means that the higher the production cost, the greater the total area of paddy eld sold or the lower the production cost, the smaller the total area of paddy eld sold.
Signi cant relation between cost of production and paddy eld sold were in line with research conducted by Aryani (2014). Negative coef cient value could be explained that the most of respondent s income only from their paddy eld. They did not have any other income from any other job. Even though their income had been decreased, they still cultivate their paddy eld. In addition, respondents aged over 50 years old tended to have grown up and independent children which decreased the burden in the family. Their adequate income was still able to ful ll their needs. At least they still own the land that they could sell one day.

Conclusion
Sukasirna Village is one of many areas that has productive paddy eld. Their agricultural crops are able to contribute to the total of paddy production in Cianjur Regency. and conversion into industrial area in Sukasirna Village, Sukaluyu District, Cianjur Regency led to the reduction of productive land and impacted on decreasing paddy production in the future. This could occur because the more they convert or sell the land, the more farmers will lose their jobs.
andowners who had sold their land for industrial purposes in Sukasirna Village, Sukaluyu District, Cianjur Regency were dominated by women. Most of them aged over 50 years old and had low level of formal education.
The productivity of agricultural land they earned was considered enough to ful ll daily needs. Although the burden of family members that they had to pay was quite high and the cost of production was relatively high, but they still run their paddy eld. The main reasons why they keep manage their paddy eld because they have no other business than as a farmer. They do not have expertise in other business except expertise in the farming, their farmland to be the only source of their livelihood.
Internal factors originating from the landowner s family could not be separated from the in uence of external factors which in uenced the decision to sell their paddy eld. Based on the estimation of multiple linear regressions, the variables that signi cantly affected total area of paddy eld sold were age, education level, land location and production cost. The variables of age, education level and the land location showed a positive coef cient value, while production cost showed a negative coef cient value. Variables that did not signi cantly affect total area of paddy eld sold were the number of family members and land productivity. Numbers of family member variable showed a positive coef cient value, while land productivity variable showed a negative coef cient value.
ack of interest in managing agricultural land due to internal factors such as decrease of productivity, increasingly expensive agricultural cost, relatively limited skills, and others could be a threat to the survival of agriculture that may involve people s lives, especially in Cianjur Regency.
Reduction of productive paddy eld because of industrial area development must be followed by a policy to open the other productive agriculture lands. The policy should be supported by other policies to stimulate internal conditions of the farmers themselves so that they can be more productive.