An Empirical Study of The Linkage Between Education and National Output in Malaysia

Abstract

This study embarks on an investigation into the linkage between education and national output in Malaysia. Annual time series data on real gross domestic product (GDP), expenditure on education, fixed  capital  formation  and  labour  force  were  collected  from  1985  to  2018  and  the  Autoregressive Distributed-Lag (ARDL) method is applied in this study. The results of this study reveals that capital formation and education can cause higher national output in the long run. However, labour force does not have any connection with national output in the long run. Besides, the results also show short-run relationships. It is found that only capital formation has an influence national output in the short run but labour force and education do not have any effect on national output in Malaysia. Therefore, the government needs to increase its expenditure on education to boost national output. Other than that, the government must take other initiatives to increase expenditure on education.