Forum Geografi, 31(1), 2017;
DOI: 10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.3371
Multidimensional Scaling Approach to Evaluate the Level of Community Forestry Sustainability in Babak Watershed, Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara
1 Doctoral Program of Forest Science, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
2 Faculty of Forestry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
3 Faculty of Geography Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Kaliurang, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
*Corresponding author (email: rykenand@yahoo.com)
Received: 13 February 2017 / Accepted: 13 March 2017 / Published: 01
July 2017
Abstract
Community forestry in Babak watershed is
one of the efforts to reduce critical land area. The aim of this research was
to evaluate the level of community forestry sustainability in both of community forest (HKm) and private forest in
Babak watershed. Multidimensional scaling
(MDS) was used to analyse the level of community forest sustainability based
on the five dimensions of ecology, economy, social, institutional, and technology
as well as 29 attributes. Leverage analysis
was used to know the sensitive attributes of sustainability, while Monte Carlo
analysis and goodness of fit was used to find
the accuracy of MDS analysis. The result shows that HKm was in moderate
sustainability level (sustainability index 54.08%) and private forest was in
less sustainability level (sustainability index 48.53%). Furthermore, the
ecology and technology in HKm were classified as less sustainable, while the institution
and technology in private forest were considered less sustainable. There were
11 sensitive attributes of HKm and 19 sensitive attributes of private forest. The
priorities of attribute improvement in HKm include land recovering (the
dimension of ecology) and cooperative development (the dimension of technology).
In private forest, the priorities of attribute improvement include leadership
capacity building (the institutional dimension) and
also the use of silviculture intensive and soil conservation (the dimension of
technology).
Keywords: Babak watershed,
leverage analysis, Monte Carlo analysis, multidimensional scaling,
sustainability index.
Abstrak
Kegiatan kehutanan masyarakat di DAS Babak merupakan salah
satu upaya untuk mengurangi lahan kritis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui
tingkat keberlanjutan kehutanan
masyarakat baik HKm maupun hutan rakyat di DAS Babak. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah
multidimensional scaling (MDS) yang terdiri dari lima dimensi (ekologi,
ekonomi, sosial, kelembagaan dan teknologi) dan 29 atribut sebagai dasar penilaian
indeks keberlanjutan. Analisis leverage digunakan untuk menentukan atribut yang
sensitif terhadap indeks keberlanjutan, sedangkan analisis Monte Carlo dan analisis
ketepatan digunakan untuk mengetahui keakuratan analisis MDS. Hasil analisis diketahui
bahwa HKm berada pada tingkat cukup berkelanjutan (nilai indeks 54,08%) dan hutan
rakyat pada tingkat kurang berkelanjutan (nilai indeks 48,53%). Dimensi ekologi
dan teknologi merupakan dimensi kurang berkelanjutan pada HKm, sedangkan dimensi
kelembagaan dan teknologi merupakan dimensi yang kurang berkelanjutan pada hutan
rakyat. Pada HKm terdapat 11 atribut sensitif sedangkan pada hutan rakyat terdapat
19 atribut sensitif terhadap tingkat keberlanjutan. Perbaikan atribut pada HKm
dapat dilakukan dengan perbaikan penutupan lahan (dimensi ekologi) serta pembentukan
koperasi (dimensi teknologi). Perbaikan atribut pada hutan rakyat dapat
dilakukan dengan peningkatan kepemimpinan (dimensi kelembagaan) serta
penggunaan silvikultur intensif dan konservasi tanah dan air (dimensi
teknologi).
Kata kunci: analisis leverage, analisis Monte
Carlo, DAS Babak, indeks keberlanjutan, MDS.
Introduction
Marginal land is one of complicated environmental issues that has not been overcome yet. According to Kementerian
Kehutanan (2014), deforestation rates in 2011-2012 reached 613,480.7 hectares, whereas the productive
land and forest rehabilitation was only 15,000 hectares per year. Babak
watershed is a restored watershed (Murtilaksono, 2014). Based on BP DAS Dodokan Moyo Sari (2008), the increase of critical land in period 2008-2014
was very high, which was almost 42.27%. The critical land has caused the environment
degradation, thus, the priority to
overcome this issue is required. There are some
impacts of critical land to the environmental quality, such as the economic
value and water quality (Fiquepron et al.,
2013), discharge
and sedimentation (Yan et al., 2013), erosion,
biodiversity and air quality (Li et al., 2013), and also physicochemical
and soil biology (Hazarika et al.,
2014).
The critical land is strongly
associated with the land utilisation. The land utilisation requires an accurate regulation (Nunes et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013) to prevent and rehabilitate
the critical land. Forest is considered as the solution to overcome the prevalence
of critical land. As the forest functioning, forest
and vegetation have an important role in response to flooding and drought,
precipitation, and in some cases can improve the discharge (Asdak, 2010). Forest
also has a major role in climate change adaptation, mitigation activity including
carbon sink, as well as the environment goods and service provider,
biodiversity, recharge area, and food reserves providers to face the drought
period which is susceptible to climate change (Nkem, 2006).
The
efforts of critical land recovery should involve the community participation, including
by promoting community forestry both within and outside of the forest area based
on the scheme of land and forest rehabilitation. The activity of community
forestry within the forest area is known
as community forest (HKm), while those outside
the forest area is known as a private forest. The
policies in pertaining with community forestry have two important roles, namely
to increase the economic aspect (Khanal, 2011; Irawanti et al., 2012; Aji et al., 2015) and to restore the
environment quality (Rahayu et al.,
2010;
Irawan, 2011; Ritonga &
Rochana, 2013;
Nurwanti, 2014). Therefore, the performance
of community forestry to address the critical land problem can be assessed from the models of community
forestry, which determine the
sustainability benefit for the ecology and social economy of the community. The sustainable community forestry should
be formulated based on the criteria and indicators that can determine the goal of community forestry.
Pokharel et al. (2015) stated that the sustainability can be evaluated based on four criteria of forest resources, social
economic benefit, forest management practices, and institutional and governance
framework, which are specified into 26
indicators. Awang et al. (2008) suggested that some
criteria that can be used to evaluate the sustainability are ecology,
institution of forest management, community income, and also social condition. Meanwhile,
Pikun (1998) formulated the sustainability of community forestry or social forestry can be identified from the factors of ecology,
social (regarding community
participation), management (in terms of land
management and farmer group organisation),
and also economy (productivity and product marketing). From those formulations,
the ecology, economy, social, institution and land management are used as the
basic of community forest evaluation as included in BP DAS Dodokan Moyo Sari (2008) and Nandini (2013).
The
identification of the sustainability level of community forestry is required to
arrange the improvement in order to attain
the goals. Furthermore, the sustainability evaluation can be done either by using
manual scoring or software based on multidimensional scaling (MDS). Nandini (2013) examined the community forest in HKm Darussadiqien located
in the upstream of Babak watershed by using manual
scoring, while Sukwika et al. (2016) examined the
sustainability of private forest in Bogor by using MDS. MDS was employed by Pitcher
and Preikshot (2001) as the tool to
evaluate the sustainability of fisheries, which is known as Rapfish and further developed for
various fields such as RapPforest (Sukwika et al.,
2016), RapLandUse (Widiatmaka et al.,
2015), RALED (Budiharsono, 2014), RapSisprodi (Nazam et al., 2011), and also RapDAS (Suwarno et al.,
2011). In this regard, the aim of this research was to evaluate the sustainability level of community
forestry both of community forest (HKm)
and private forest in Babak watershed by using RapCF, which was developed
from MDS.
Research Method
Study Area
This research was conducted
in the community forest and private forest in Babak watershed,
Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara. It was
conducted from April to July 2015. Babak watershed is located on 8°42’-8°67’ in the South
and 116°07’-116°39’ in the East with a total
area of 29,948.39 hectares. Babak watershed is situated in the centre of Lombok Island with the area coverage
of the North and Middle Lombok districts in the upstream and midstream and also
Mataram municipally and West Lombok district in the downstream. Most of Babak
watershed is the part of Rinjani Mount. The dominated geology is andesite in
the upstream, basaltic in the midstream, and alluvium in the downstream of Babak
watershed. It is also dominated by the
slope of 0-8% (34.53%), the soil type of Brown Regosols and Lithosols (27.55%),
and the land use of shrub (25.06%). The average annual rainfall is 1854.4 mm
with four dry months and seven wet months in a year and classified as “B” type of climate (almost wet).
Babak
watershed is one of the critical watersheds in Lombok Island, which is listed as the national strategic of watershed (the Presidential
Decree No. 12 of 2012). Some potential
features of Babak watershed include the natural tourism, water resources, and
community forestry in which the last feature became a pilot project in Lombok
Island. In 2008-2014, the critical land in Babak watershed increased
significantly. In 2014, Murtilaksono reported that Babak
watershed was one of restored watershed that must be revitalised immediately. The community forestry is one of the
rehabilitation efforts initiated by the government to solve the critical land issue
by involving the community participation. The HKm is located in the upstream of
Babak watershed with a total area of 1,809.5 hectares, while the private
forest is located in the midstream of
Babak watershed with a total area of 1,702.2 hectares
(Figure 1). Since HKm is
located in the forest area, the local communities
who manage the forest must have the license of community forest management
(IUPHKm) issued by the government. Meanwhile,
the private forest is located in the private/individual
land. Hence they are free to manage their
lands.
Data Collection
The
data was collected through interviews
with the farmers in the community forest and private forest as the respondents.
The parameters included the aspects of demography
(age and gender), ecology (land productivity, soil conservation, land cover, vegetation
density, and land cultivation area), economy (community forestry products,
product market, contribution of forestry community income, contribution of non-forestry
community income, poverty level, family member of dependants, adaptation on
agricultural commodities demand), social (education level, perception on soil
conservation, perception on community forestry activity, participation in
community forestry), institution(farmers groups activity, farmers
accompaniment, knowledge of institutional rules, decision-making process, and leadership),
and also the use of technology (land preparation, planting, plant maintenance,
harvesting, post-harvest processing, and soil conservation).The
respondents of each group of community forestry were determined randomly based
on the Slovin’s formula (Sevillla et
al., 2007) with a significance level
of 10%. The total numbers of respondents were 147 farmers. Respondents from HKm
were the members of four farmer groups in Setiling,
Aik Berik, Karang Sidemen and Lantan.
Furthermore, the respondents of private forest were the members of three farmer
groups in Pemepek, Setiling, and Sepakek.
In HKm, the respondents aged 24 to 75 years old, the dominant education was elementary school, the average number of
dependants was 3 (three) people, and the average
cultivated land was 0.64 ha/farmer. Meanwhile
in private forest, it was dominated by the respondents aged 27 to 70 years old,
education background was senior secondary school, the average number of
dependants was 4 (four) people, and the average
cultivated land was 0.59 ha/farmer.
The
data was analysed by using MDS method. The
MDS analysis was performed by using Rapid appraisal for community forestry (RapCF)
which was developed from Rapfish (Pitcher & Preikshot, 2001). There were five dimensions (ecology,
economic, social, institutional, technology dimension) and 29 attributes used
in this research. The attribute valuation was in ordinal
scale based on the sustainability criteria of each dimension (Supplement 1). The criteria were ranked from 0 (the
lowest) to 3 (the highest). The assessment
of sustainability index was categorised
into four groups (Kavanagh & Pitcher, 2004), namely: not sustainable (0-25%), less sustainable
(>25-50%), moderate sustainable (>50-75%) and good sustainable (>75-100%). The level of sustainability
dimensions was displayed simultaneously by using kite diagrams.
Analysis
The
evaluation of sustainability index was followed up by the determination of the
leverage factors and Monte Carlo analysis. The leverage analysis was used to find
the sensitive sustainability attributes based on RMS value (Kavanagh & Pitcher, 2004). The higher the RMS value,
the greater the attribute effect on the level of sustainability. The RMS
value was obtained through the equation
as follows:
a= standard error,
Monte
Carlo analysis was used to determine the random
error of all dimensions. The results of Monte Carlo analysis was compared to those of MDS analysis, as a result is 95% degree of confidence, hence
it could be determined that the
difference value between the results was
approximately 5%. Furthermore, if the difference was <5%, the MDS result was
sufficient to predict the sustainability of community forestry.
The
final stage was the goodness of fit using
S-stress value by calculating the values of S and R2. The lower the S,
the higher the goodness of fit. The S value was
set based on Kavanagh & Pitcher (2004), namely S<0.25.
Results and Discussions
The level
sustainability of HKm in Babak watershed
The
result showed that the sustainability of
HKm in Babak watershed was in moderate sustainability with the average
sustainability index of dimensions of 54.08%. It means that in general, the
performance of HKm in Babak watershed was fairly
good, hence the goals of community forestry can be
achieved despite of its sub-optimally
yield. Among all dimensions, the ecology and technology were classified in the level
of less sustainable. Based on the results, the ecology and technology should
become the priorities for further improvement to enhance the level of HKm
sustainability. Subsequently, the institutional dimension obtained the highest
sustainability index, while the ecology had the lowest sustainability index (Figure 2).
The
leverage analysis on HKm indicated only 11 out of 29 attributes were categorised as sensitive attributes,
specifically 3 (three) attributes of ecological, 4 (four) attributes of
economic, 2 (two) attributes of social, and also one attribute for each of institutional
and technology dimension.Those attributes can be prioritised to augment the sustainability level of HKm in Babak
watershed. The higher the RMS value means
the greater the attribute role in sustainability level (Kavanagh & Pitcher, 2004). The result showed that the highest RMS value was gained
by the farmer groups join activity (RMS
13.95), while the lowest was the participation in community forestry (RMS
0.15), which were included in the institutional
and social dimension, respectively (Table 1). It means
that the farmer groups’activity contributed highly on the sustainability index compared
to the participation in community forestry.
Dimension |
Attribute |
RMS |
Ecology |
Runoff |
3.89* |
Soil erosion |
6.06* |
|
Land productivity |
1.02 |
|
The use of soil conservation |
1.58 |
|
Land cover |
6.13* |
|
Vegetation diversity |
1.79 |
|
Land cultivation area |
3.36 |
|
Economic |
Sum of product |
2.12 |
Product market |
4.03* |
|
Contribution of community forestry farming income |
4.15* |
|
Contribution of non-community forestry farming income |
4.27* |
|
Poverty level |
5.50* |
|
Family member dependants |
0.80 |
|
Adaptation of agricultural
commodities demand |
1.58 |
|
Social |
Education level |
9.99* |
Perception of soil conservation
activity |
1.33 |
|
Perception of community
forestry activity |
9.51* |
|
Participation in community
forestry |
0.15 |
|
Institutional |
Farmer groups activity |
13.95* |
Farmer accompaniment |
6.61 |
|
Knowledge of institutional rules/awig-awig |
6.60 |
|
Decision-making process on farmer groups |
6.61 |
|
Leadership on farmer groups |
6.71 |
|
Technology |
Land preparation |
1.86 |
Planting |
2.43 |
|
Plant maintenance |
2.47 |
|
Harvesting |
6.85* |
|
Post-harvesting processing |
2.75 |
|
Type of soil conservation |
2.60 |
Description: * is sensitive attribute.
The
soil erosion, runoff, and land cover as the ecology attributes and the harvesting
included as the technology attribute were considered sensitive to the sustainability level. The soil erosion, runoff,
and land cover are three attributes that are
highly inter-correlated (Cadaret et al.,
2016; Zokaib & Naser, 2012; Ochoa et al.,
2016).The improvement of land
management can be implemented to reduce the runoff and soil erosion, such as
land restoration and also soil and water conservation application (Miardini & Susanti 2016).The land restoration can be
done by intensification and diversification of the land use. This matter
is also a part of the improvement of an economic
attribute related to the farmer incomes as suggested by Winata et al. (2015), although the sustainability of economic dimension was
in moderate level. However, in HKm, the intensification could not be done easily
due to the prevailing regulation of
forest utilisation as stated in the Government
Regulation No. 6/2007, even it is possible for the diversification of land use.
In addition to land restoration, the law enforcement of composition in forest
area, which is 70% of timber and 30% of Multipurpose trees species (MPTS) should
be maintained.
The
income of farmers is one attribute of economic dimension which is sensitive to
sustainability level of HKm in Babak watershed in pertaining to the land area (Winata et al.,
2015). The income of farmers determines the poverty level (Badan
Pusat Statistik Provinsi NTB, 2014), thus that the enhancement of this attribute can support
other dimensions. The determination of land area for HKm should be focused on the minimum area to prop up proper
life. The average minimum area for proper life in HKmof Babak watershed is 1.62
hectares. However, it is unattainable because of the forest management license issued
by the government as HKm (IUPHHKm) is
limited, while the farmer has active involvement in HKm. It can be addressed by changing the land management by increasing the productivity of the land (Febryano, 2008; Mu’min et al., 2014), but still retaining the composition of 30% timber and 70%
MPTS based on the rule of forest utilisation
at the same time. The land management can be done
through the land intensification and diversification (Wijayanti et
al., 2016) as an attempt to increase
the farmer’s income.
The
harvesting technique is the sensitive attribute of technology dimension in HKm.
Generally, the farmers rely on the wholesaler
to harvest their products. Although it is disadvantageous
for the farmers, the role of the wholesaler
is crucial due to the difficulties in facilities provision and the lack of
information of the markets network. Syahza (2003) asserted those difficulties as the common constraints that hinder the success of the agribusiness
sector. In order to overcome this constraint, the establishment of a rural
economic institution which among of the functions is to regulate the products marketing is required (Syahza, 2003). In HKm, the rural economic institution can be in the form
of cooperative as a part of management
unit in the farmers group. The establishment
of cooperative under the farmers group
requires assistance until the institution
is stable and autonomous.
Based
on the MDS analysis, the HKm of Babak watershed has a high validity and
goodness of fit, hence it can be used as
the basic evaluation of the
sustainability of HKm in Babak watershed. It was
indicated by Monte Carlo and goodness of fit analysis in which the difference
between MDS result and Monte Carlo analysis of each dimension was very low (Table 2).
Dimension |
MDS |
Monte Carlo |
Difference
(%) |
Ecology |
42.13 |
42.29 |
-0.19 |
Economic |
52.7 |
52.08 |
0.59 |
Social |
55.96 |
55.91 |
0.04 |
Institutional |
72.88 |
72 |
0.61 |
Technology |
46.72 |
46.64 |
0.1 |
Based
on Kavanagh and Pitcher (2004), it explicated that the attributes scoring of each sustainability
dimension was classified appropriate so
that those attributes were reliable to evaluate the sustainability level of HKm
in Babak watershed. The result of the goodness of fit analysis showed that R2
had a very high value in all dimension, while S value had very low value
(Table 3). Based on Kavanagh and Pitcher (2004), it means that the MDS analysis in HKm of Babak
watershed is appropriate so that it was
reliable to evaluate the sustainability level of HKm in Babak watershed.
Ecology |
Economy |
Social |
Institution |
Technology |
||
S |
0.14 |
0.14 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
0.15 |
|
R2 |
0.94 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
0.95 |
0.94 |
|
The sustainability level
of private forest in Babak watershed
The
result demonstrated that the sustainability of private forest in Babak
watershed was classified in less sustainable
level with an average sustainability
index of 48.53%. It means that in general, private forest in Babak watershed
was less optimal; hence the improvement of several attributes was needed to achieve
the goal of community forestry. Among the dimensions, the institution and
technology were included in the less
sustainable level. According to the results, the improvement of institutional dimension
and technology should be the main concerns. Thus
the sustainability level of private forest would be increased. The social aspect obtained the highest sustainability
index, while the technological dimension had the lowest sustainability index (Figure 3).
The leverage analysis of private forest showed that only 19 from
29 attributes were categorized as sensitive attributes, particularly 5 (five) attributes
of ecology, 5 (five) attributes of economy, 2 (two) attributes of social, and
also 5 (five) attributes of institution, and also 2 (two) attributes of technology. Those attributes can be prioritised in
order to increase the sustainability level of private forest in Babak
watershed. The result indicated that the highest value of RMS was the
perception of soil conservation activity (RMS 10.95), while the lowest was the participation
in community forestry (RMS 0.03), and both of them were attributes of social
dimension (Table 4). It means that the perception of soil
conservation activity highly contributed to the sustainability index by
comparing with the leadership of farmer
groups.
Furthermore,
all attributes of institutional dimension were sensitive, while the plant
maintenance and type of soil conservation as the attributes of technology were sensitive
for the sustainability level of the private
forest. The institution of the private
forest was dormant due to several reasons including few activities of farmer
groups, the absence of farmer assistance,
ineffective rules of farmer groups, less involvement of the farmers in decision-making
and less passage of the leadership in farmer groups. The development of private forest institution was initiated by the
government through the forestry extension under the scheme of land rehabilitation.
Forestry extension serves as the initiator that mentors,
facilitates, and promotes the farmer groups of private
forest as stated by Uphoff (1986). The initiator has power
to influence the participation of the institution members (Pretty, 1995).
Dimension |
Attribute |
RMS |
Ecology |
Runoff |
5.40* |
Soil erosion |
6.91* |
|
Land productivity |
7.54* |
|
The use of soil conservation |
9.12* |
|
Land cover |
4.18 |
|
Vegetation diversity |
3.93 |
|
Land cultivation area |
5.11* |
|
Economy |
Sum of product |
4.41* |
Product market |
6.39* |
|
Contribution of community forestry farming income |
5.52* |
|
Contribution of non-community forestry farming income |
6.38* |
|
Poverty level |
5.71* |
|
Family member dependants |
1.77 |
|
Adaptation of agricultural
commodities demand |
2.97 |
|
Social |
Education level |
2.00 |
Perception of soil conservation
activity |
10.95* |
|
Perception of community
forestry activity |
9.55* |
|
Participation in community
forestry |
0.03 |
|
Institution |
Farmer groups activity |
2.34* |
Farmer accompaniment |
1.82* |
|
Knowledge of institutional rules/awig-awig |
1.62* |
|
Decision-making process on farmer groups |
2.70* |
|
Leadership on farmer groups |
1.76* |
|
Technology |
Land preparation |
0.60 |
Planting |
0.28 |
|
Plant maintenance |
4.45* |
|
Harvesting |
0.04 |
|
Post-harvesting processing |
0.50 |
|
Type of soil conservation |
3.48* |
Description: * is sensitive attribute.
Based
on the interviews, the institution was determined as inactive since the
initiator did not provide mentoring, facility, and promotion for the farmer
groups. It means that the initiator has been successfully building the frame,
structure and mechanism (rules) of the institution,yet
failed to raise the autonomous of institution
(Djogo et al.,
2003). The condition should be overcome by participatory
capacity building and community empowerment (Uphoff et al.,
2006; Awang et al.,
2008). The institution built based
on the local participatory depends on the leadership (Sheelanere
et al., 2013), so that the leadership must be constructed suspiciously
according to the mutual trust within the farmer group to motivate and support
the institutional activity. If the leadership functions properly, the attributes
of institutional dimension such as the
activity of farmer groups, farmer accompaniment, the rules/awig-awig practices, and also decision-making would function
properly.
The
plant maintenance and type of soil conservation were the sensitive attributes
of technology dimension of private forest in Babak watershed. Based on the
interview, private forest farmers did not
applied the intensive silviculture such
as prime seeds selection, fertilisation,
pest control, and also crop thinning as the plant maintenance (Soekotjo, 2009). The plants grow naturally without any treatment; hence
the growth was less optimal. The soil and water conservation was not applied in
the private forest because the majority was located in a flat area and safe from
the erosion. Nevertheless, the soil conservation can be applied as mitigation in the form of the preference of specific
type of vegetation that can improve land quality, e.g., a legume.
The
MDS analysis of private forest in Babak watershed had a high validity and
goodness of fit, so that it can be used as the basic
evaluation for the sustainability of HKm in Babak watershed. The results generated
from Monte Carlo and goodness of fit analysis, in which the difference of the
results of MDS analysis and those of Monte Carlo analysis of each dimension was very low (Table
5).
Dimension |
MDS |
Monte Carlo |
Difference
(%) |
Ecology |
50.58 |
50.08 |
0.50 |
Economy |
52.69 |
52.08 |
0.61 |
Social |
55.25 |
54.13 |
1.01 |
Institution |
43.64 |
43.55 |
0.01 |
Technology |
40.5 |
40.16 |
0.42 |
Based
on Kavanagh and Pitcher (2004), the attributes scoring of each dimension of sustainability was classified appropriate, so that
those attributes were accurate to evaluate the sustainability level of private
forest in Babak watershed. The result of the goodness of fit analysis showed
that R2 had a very high value among all dimensions, while S value had
very low value (Table 6). Based on Kavanagh and Pitcher (2004), it means that the MDS analysis of private forest in
Babak watershed was appropriate, it was accurate to evaluate the sustainability
level of private forest in Babak watershed.
Ecology |
Economy |
Social |
Institution |
Technology |
|
S |
0.14 |
0.14 |
0.15 |
0.16 |
0.16 |
R2 |
0.94 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
0.94 |
0.94 |
Conclusions and Recommendations
The evaluation of the sustainability level of
community forestry in Babak watershed carried out by using MDS indicated that the
HKm in this area was classified in
moderate sustainability level (sustainability index 54.08%) and the private
forest was categorised in less
sustainability level (sustainability index 48.53%). Moderate sustainability in HKm means
that the HKm was fairly good, so that the
goal of community forestry can be achieved
even if it has not been optimal yet. Less sustainability in private forest
means that the improvement of several attributes is required to achieve the goal of community forestry. In HKm, the ecological dimension and
technological dimension were categorised
in less sustainability level, the while institutional
and technological dimension of private
forest were classified in less sustainability level. There were 11 sensitive
attributes of HKm and 19 sensitive attributes of private forest; hence, improvement of the sensitive attributes was highly required in order to increase the sustainability level of community forestry
in Babak watershed. The priority of attribute improvement in HKm includes land restoration
(the ecological dimension) and also the cooperative
establishment (the technological dimension). In private forest, the priority of
attribute improvement includes the leadership capacity building (the institutional dimension) and also the use of intensive
silviculture and soil conservation (the technological dimension).
The land restoration
can be done by the diversification of the land
use. The diversification both in HKm and private can be done by adding the different types of plant, which has dense canopy and multiple benefits such as MPTS.
However, the plant composition of HKm must follow the requirement of 70% timber
and 30% as determined by the rule of forest utilisation
in The Indonesian Governmental Decree (PPRI) No. 6/2007. The establishment of a
cooperative under the farmer groups is required to regulate the marketing of the product. It is a solution
to overcome the product marketing constraints, hence
the farmers will not relied solely on the
wholesaler. Leadership is a key for the autonomous
institution, so the capacity building must be done to have a good leadership
in a farmer groups of HKm and private forest. The intensive
silviculture should be done as the plant maintenance to improve the quality of
the community forestry products. It includes the prime seeds selection, fertilization,
pest control, and crop thinning. Although private
forest is unsusceptible from the erosion, the soil and water technique of
conservation is required as the
prevention. It can be done by planting specific
types of vegetation that can improve the land quality, e.g., legume.
Acknowledgements
The
authors would like to acknowledge the members of HKm farmer groups in Setiling,
Aik Berik, Karang Sidemen and Lantan as well as the members of private forest
farmer groups in Pemepek, Setiling and Sepakek, as the participants in this
research. This paper was carried out as the part of PhD thesis funded by the
Ministry of Forestry and Environment of the Republic of Indonesia, hence we
also express our gratitude for the institution for the financial support.
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Attribute |
Description |
Criteria |
Ecology |
|
|
1. Runoff |
Physical data |
High (0), moderate (1), low (2), very low (3) |
2. Erosion |
Physical data |
High (0), moderate (1), low (2), very low (3) |
3. Land productivity (quintal/ha) |
Land productivity appraisal by rice equivalence that
occur in those area |
none (0), less (1), equal (2), greater (3) |
4. The use of soil conservation |
Knowledge of soil conservation |
Not know, not use (0), know, not use (1), not know,
use (2), know, use (3) |
5. Land cover (%) |
Vegetation density in community forestry |
<25% (0), >25-50% (1), >50-75% (2),
>75-100% (3) |
6. Vegetation diversity |
Variety of vegetation |
<3 (0), 3-6 (1), >6-10 (2), >10 (3) |
7. Land cultivation area (hectare) |
The area of land
cultivation compare with the minimum area to proper life (MAPL) |
No land (0), less from MAPL (1), equal to MAPL (2), greater
than MAPL (3) |
Economic: |
|
|
1. Sum of product |
Sum of product from the land |
<3 (0), 3-6 (1), >6-10 (2), >10 (3) |
2. Product market |
The pattern of product market |
Not for sale (0), wholesaler (1), collectors (2), public
market (3) |
3. Contribution of community forestry farming income |
Percentage of income from community forestry |
<25% (0), >25-50% (1), >50-75% (2),
>75-100% (3) |
4. Contribution of non community forestry farming
income |
Percentage of income beside of community forestry |
>75-100% (0), >50-75% (1), >25-50% (2) <25% (3), |
5. Poverty level |
Poverty rate (PR) |
Under PR (1), equal to PR (2), above PR (3) |
6. Family member dependants |
The member of family |
>7 (0), >5-7 (1), >3-5 (2), 1-3 (3) |
7. Adaptation on agricultural commodities demands |
The changing to fulfill
the agricultural commodities demand |
none (1) yes, no effort (2), yes, with effort (3), |
Social: |
|
|
1. Education level |
The level education of family member |
none (0), primary school to junior high school (1), senior
high school (2), college (3) |
2. Perception on
soil conservation activity |
The perception on
soil conservation benefit |
No benefit (0) less benefit (1), moderate benefit
(2), great benefit (3), |
3. Perception on
community forestry activity |
The perception on
community forestry activity |
poor (1), moderate (2), good (3) |
4. Participation in community forestry activity |
The frequency of participation in community forestry
activity |
never (1), sometimes (2), always(3) |
Institutional: |
|
|
1. Farmers groups activity |
The farmers activity in groups a year |
none (0), 1-2 activity (1), 3-4 activity (2), ≥5 activity |
2. Farmers accompaniment |
The frequency of farmers accompaniment a year |
none 0), 1-2 x (1), 3-4 x (2), ≥5x (3) |
3. Knowledge of institutional rules/awig-awig |
Knowledge of institutional rules/awig-awig |
Not know (0), none (1), yes, no sanctions (2) yes,
with sanctions (3) |
4. Decision-making process on farmers groups |
The actors of decision making in farmers groups |
Not know (0), government/ facilitator (1), caretaker
(2), member (3) |
5. Leadership on farmers groups |
The appraisal of leadership on farmers groups |
Not know (0), poor (1), moderate (2), good (3) |
Technology: |
|
|
1. Land preparation |
Type of land preparation |
burnt(0), clear cutting (1), fertilized (2), clear cutting and fertilized
(3) |
2. Planting |
Planting implementation |
Direct kernel planting (0), direct seed planting
(1), planting with type arrangement (2), planting with distance arrangement
(3) |
3. Plant maintenance |
Type of plant maintenance |
None (0), 1 maintenance
(1) 2-4 maintenance (2), ≥5 maintenance (3) |
4. Harvesting |
Type of harvesting |
none (0), harvesting by wholesaler (1), self harvesting without arrangement (2) gradually
arrangement (3) |
5. Post-harvest processing |
Type of post-harvest processing |
None (0), raw product (1), processed in the same
product (2), processes in other product (3) |
6. Type of soil conservation |
Type of soil conservation |
none (0), vegetative conservation (1), civil technique
conservation (2), vegetative and civil technique conservation (3) |
© 2017 by the authors. Submitted
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Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-ND) license
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