THE EXPERIENCER ROLE IN GERMAN AND INDONESIANS SENTENCES

This article is based on a study about the experiencer’s role in the German and Indonesian sentences. This study deals with: (a) the kind of verbs which require the experiencer role constituent, (b) the realization of experiencer role in the syntactic functions , and (c) the differences and similarities of the syntactic and semantic behavior between German and Indonesian sentences which consist experiencer role


Introduction
A study of two languages or more to reveal the similarities and the differences based on their grammatical system is called grammatical contrastive study.One of these studies is a study of the elements of the sentence on the syntactic level.The result of such grammatical contrastive study could give some advantages on the field of foreign language teaching and translating.One of the benefits of grammatical contrastive study in foreign language teaching is to know the similarities and the differences between source and target language which could support or hamper the teaching of foreign language.Trough such study the learner's difficulties, as a result of the different grammatical system between source and target languages, which may arise in the foreign language teaching could be better anticipated, and the teaching-learning process could be more effective.
To increase the effectiveness in teaching German to Indonesian speaker, presumably it is also needed to conduct grammatical contrastive research between German and Indonesian language in the syntactic level.Within that study, the supported and hampered factors in German language teaching for Indonesian speaker, especially on syntactic problems, could be better anticipated.One of the problems that could be the topic of this study is the comparison of the experiencer role in German and Indonesian sentences.
There are three ways that can be used to analyze sentences, namely by the use of syntactic function analysis, word or phrase category, and semantic role (Verhaar, 1996).The analysis which based on the syntactic functions resulted syntactic classification like subject, object, predicate, adverbial, etc.The analysis with the word or phrase category point of view produces sentences constituent classification based on the part of speech, like noun, verb, adjective, etc.While on the semantic role the analysis produces sentences constituent classification based on their semantic role like agentive, patientive, benefactive, experiencer, etc.Take a note of the example sentences (1) below which is analyzed by the tree ways that have been mentioned above.
( From the example above, it can be seen the application of three ways (function, category, and role) in analyzing German sentence (1).Indonesian sentence in example (1a) above is the equivalent of German sentence (1).From both sentences (1 and 1a), it appears that the analysis with three ways give the same results, that is the constituent Franz Keiser functions as subject, categorized as noun, and plays role as agentive.While the constituent ein Brochten mit Butter und Marmalade 'a piece of bread with butter and jam' is functioned as object, categorized as noun and played role as patient.The next question is "Are the results of the analysis in German and Indonesian sentences based on three ways always the same?"To answer that question, take a look on the next example sentence (2) and (2a) below.
( On the sentence (2) the constituent Die Stadt Yogyakarta 'The City of Yogyakarta' is functioned as subject, categorized as noun, and played role as stimulus, while the constituent mir 'me' is functioned as object (dative), categorized as noun (in a form of pronoun), and played role as experiencer.The constituent saya 'I' in sentence (2a) which play the role of experiencer is functioned as subject, while constituent kota Yogyakarta 'the city of Yogyakarta' which play the role of stimulus functions as object.From the comparison of those two sentence analysis (example (2) and ( 2a)) above, it appears that there are differences of realization on the experiencer role in syntactic function in German and Indonesian sentences.The different realization on the syntactic role in syntactic function in German and Indonesian sentences implicates on the syntactic and semantic behavior in German and Indonesian sentences.This research will try to reveal the similarities and the differences of German and Indonesian sentence pattern containing nominal constituent with experiences role.
Based on the above description, it could be stated that the focus of the problems in this study is focused on the experiencer role in German and Indonesian sentences.The focuses are: 1.The present of experiencer role in a sentence is determined by the verb which functions as predicate.That's why; it is needed to be revealed the kind of verbs which required experiencer role.2. The relationship between syntactic function and semantic role, especially the experiencer role, in German and Indonesian sentences.Concerned with that it also needed to be revealed the realization of experiencer role in the syntactic function.In other word: What kind of syntactic function that could realize the experiencer role in German and Indonesian sentences?3. The similarities and the differences of realization of experiencer role on the syntactic function in German and Indonesian sentences implicate on the syntactic and semantic behavior of both languages.
Based on the focuses of problems mentioned above, it can be inferred that the aims of this research are: (1) to describe the kind of verbs which are required the present of experiencer role in German and Indonesian sentences; (2) to describe the realization of experiencer role on the syntactic function in German and Indonesian sentences; and (3) to describe the similarities and the differences of syntactic and semantic behavior in German and Indonesian sentences which contain experiencer role.Buâman (1990:676) mentions that the semantic role is used in the grammatical case framework.Semantic role is functioned to explain the meaning of nouns as verb arguments.With (the help) of semantic role, the meaning of the complementary verbs like kaufen 'to buy' -verkaufen 'to sell', geben 'to give'bekommen 'to get' could be more and better explained.Meanwhile, Helbig & Buscha (1996:634) mention that the verbs that are functioned as predicate semantically require nominal constituent (as verb argument) which have semantic structure in line with the verb.That's why Helbig & Buscha also mention that the semantic role as "semantic case" (semantische kasus), because basically the verb (predicate) as government requires nouns with special cases (grammatical case) and certain semantic structure (semantic case).DUDEN (2005:396) mentions that there is a syntacticsemantic valence on the verb, which means that the verb requires appropriate nominal in both syntactically and semantically.For example the verb German unterschreiben 'to sign' requires two arguments, there are are (i) a noun with nominative case as the agent (Handlugsträger) with agentive role, and (ii) a noun with accusative case as an object (Gegenstand) with patientive role.
The different syntactic function and semantic role between German and Indonesian sentence in example (2) and (2a) above happens because of the difference of the relational meaning of the verb.Engel (1991: 360) says that the role or the relational meaning is the important part to determine the meaning of the verb.Furthermore Engel (1991:361) says that not all languages have the same relational meaning, and the difference of this relational meaning implicates on the different syntactic function and semantic role as shown in example ( 2) and (2a) above.
There are many kinds of semantic role, according to the meaning on the verb arguments.However, in this study, we only discuss some of them which are relevant to the topic.Meanwhile, to know the varieties of semantic role in complete we could check on Engel (1991:360), Helbig & Buscha (1996:635), Verhaar (1996:167), and Alwi et.al (2000: 334).These are some of the important semantic roles which are taken from DUDEN (2005: The meaning of relational verbs determines the choice of verb.The meaning of relational verb is the syntactic and semantic relationship between the verb and constituents that become its arguments.Like what has been mentioned above, that the different of the semantic role realization on syntactic function between one language to another is caused by the difference of relational verb meaning (among one language and the other).Those differences happen because not all languages have the same relational meaning.That's why, it can be said here that between German and Indonesian language could have the same or different relational meaning.The similarities, and especially the differences of relational meaning in both languages implicate the syntactic and semantic behavior in German and Indonesian sentences, included the sentences which contain experiencer role.

Research Method
The subject of the research is the thing that is being observed which is the sentence's constituent containing experiencer semantic role in both German and Indonesian language.The research object lays on the data.The data of this research are German and Indonesian sentences containing the nominal constituent with experiencers role.The data are collected by intensively reading written discourses containing experiencers role and were also collected from the book Winnetou I written by Karl May and its translation in Indonesian language.The data collection instrument is the human instrument, namely the researcher himself, an Indonesian native speaker possessing the German language education background.The validity of the data is assessed by using intra-rater and inter-rater methods.
The semantic validity technique is used by reading the research data multiple times, both in German and Indonesian (intra rater).Besides that, it is completed with the inter rater validity test.This step is used to match the result of the data validity test done by the researcher with that has been done by other experts who master both German and Indonesian language.
The steps done in the collecting data are: (1) Read carefully and take note German sentences containing experiencer role from the book Winnetou I in data card; (2) Read carefully and take note Indonesian sentences containing experiencer role from Indonesian translation of Winnetou I in data card; (3) Find out the similarities and differences between German and Indonesian sentences containing experiencer role.
The grammar contrastive analysis and the referential comparative method are used to analyze the data.The grammar contrastive analysis is a synchronic method in analyzing languages to show the similarities and differences between languages to find the principles that can be applied in practical problems such as foreign language teaching and translating (Kridalaksana, 1993).In analyzing data, the referential equivalent technique is also used, in which the determining tool is outside the lingual unit (Sudaryanto,1993).This technique is used to identify, to determine, and to analyze the nominal constituent with experiencer role in German and Indonesian sentences.Further, the transliteration equivalent technique is also used to know the similarities and differences of experiencer role in both German and Indonesian.
This study will also reveal the experiencer role in sentences both in German and Indonesian.That's why the collecting and the analysis of the data is done by these following steps: (1) Collecting the data which are German and Indonesian sentences containing experiencer role; (2) Describing experiencer role in both German and Indonesian sentences; (3) Describing the similarities and differences of experiencer role in both German and Indonesian sentences.

Result and Discussion
Karl May   Beside the interesting story that has been written by Karl May, there is another interesting story in the process of writing these books.As he wrote these books, Karl May had never been in the American Wild West.Karl May is a poor young man who dreamed to travel into the far lands.Those dreams are put in his masterpieces.With his magnificent perseverance in doing literature study about American Wild West, its language and culture, he succeeded to write about an adventure story in America with great details, even though he never visit that place before.He went to USA after his works were well published worldwide.
Karl May writes for more less than 80 books and sold more than 125 million copies.
Winnetou have been translated in 39 languages, one of them is in Indonesian.This book is very phenomenal since it tells about an unbreakable friendship of two men who are different in race, religion, and ethnic group which become the deal of world peace.The book Winnetou I gives a lot of inspiration for young prominent like Albert Einstein and Bung Hatta, one of the Indonesian founding fathers, to make the world peace.
During the Dutch colonization era Winnetou I had been published in Indonesian language by Noordhoff-Kolff publisher.The first Winnetou I Indonesian version is translated from the Dutch language.Then Winnetou I republished by Pradnya Paramita and Noor Komala.After that Winnetou I was stop published until the Indonesian Karl May Association republished it in Indonesian language translated from the original text in German language Summary of the Data Analisys which published by Hoffmans Verlag AG, Zürich.It is translated by Primardiana H. Wijayanti and friends from the German Department in Malang State University (Ganesha, 2004).
The aims of this research are (1) to describe verbs in both German and Indonesian language which require the experiencer role, (2) to describe the realization of experiencer role in syntactic function, in both German and Indonesian languages, (3) to describe the similarities and difference of syntactic and semantic behavior in German and Indonesian sentences which containt experiencer role.These are the description of research's result in the form of the table of the analysis data summary and followed by the explanation of research's result from the three research's aims.

Verbs that require experience role constituent
Like what have been stated before that the present of experience role is the requirement of the verb as the predicate of the sentence.The verb has relational meaning with nominal constituent that play role as stimulus (Wahrnehmungsgegestand) and nominal constituent which play role as experiencer (Wahrnehmungsträger) as its arguments.Based on the data analysis, these are the verbs, both in German and Indonesian language which require nominal constituent with experiencer role and stimulus role as their arguments.

The Realization of Experiencer Role in Syntactic Function
The semantic role and the syntactic function are references that are used in sentence analysis.The point of view that is used in both notions is different.The reference of semantic role analysis is the semantic role of the constituent of the sentence like agentive, patientive, experiencer, etc., while in function analysis; the reference is the syntactic function like subject, object, complement, etc.Based on the data analysis, the realization of the experiencer role (and the stimulus role) in the syntactic functions in German and Indonesian Sentences could be described as follows.

The Realization of Experiencer Role in the Syntactic Function in German Sentences
The realization of experiencer and stimulus role in the syntactic functions are based on the verb.From the data analysis there are thirteen psychic verbs (psychische Verben) which require experiencer and stimulus role.These are each of the result from the thirteen verbs.The analysis results which are shown below are the sample that represents each of the verbs found in the data.From the Colum of table above we can see the similarities and the differences of syntactic and semantic behavior in German and Indonesian sentences which contain experience role.These are the explanations:

The similarities of Syntactic and Semantic Behavior in German and Indonesian Sentences Which Contain Experiencer Role Constituent
In German language and Indonesian language there are realization of experiencer role on the object and stimulus role on the subject.The German verbs which require this syntactic and semantic are gefallen 'menyukai', einfallen 'terlintas', fehlen 'kurang', freuen 'menggembirakan', ärgern 'menjengkelkan/ membuat marah', überraschen 'mengejutkan', dan schmecken 'merasai/kan'.While the Indonesian verbs which have syntax and semantic behavior like mentioned above are the verb in the construction of affix me-/-kan (like menyenangkan 'to make happy') and/ or membuat + (O) + adjective (like membuat (saya) senang 'to make (some one) happy').
Both in German and Indonesian languages there is a realization of stimulus role on the object and experiencer role on the subject.In German this syntactic and semantic behavior are found in the reflective verbs and sensory sense verbs like sehen 'to see', hören 'to hear', dan beobachten 'to observe' While in Indonesian language that are found in verb that is constructed in affixes me-(laike melihat 'to see') and me-/-i (like menyukai 'to like').

The Differences of the Syntactic and Semantic Behavior in German and Indonesian Sentences Which Contain Experiencer Role Constituent
In German the topicalization of experiencer role on the object is not followed by the changes of diathesis (voice), while in Indonesian the topicalization of experiencer role on the object implicates the syntax, that is diathesis (voice) change from active to passive.
The relational meaning of the verb determines the choice of the verb.The use of certain verb in a sentence implicates the kind of the nominal constituents, which function as the verb arguments.In the first steps the choice of certain verb is based on his semantic aspect.This step is universal in all languages.The determination of the verb arguments is based on semantically factor and it takes place on the deep structure.
In the next steps the "concept" of the sentence which is already provided in the deep structure would be realized in the surface structure.The realization deals with syntactic aspect of certain language according to their syntactic devices and rules.German and Indonesian have similar and different syntactic devices and rules.That's why there are similarities and differences in the realization of a proposition with stimulus and experiencer role in both languages.But on the level of the deep structure there is similarity in both languages.These agree with the theory of transformation from Chomsky (1957) that every sentence possesses two sides, namely deep and surface structure.The deep structure represents the semantic relation of the sentence, and the surface structure expresses it in the form of a grammatical sentence guided by transformation rules.
According to the transformation rules, it is possible that there are different syntactic expressions (from the same thing) among languages.The different syntactic expressions are found also in the sentences containing stimulus and experiencer role in German and Indonesian language.

Conclusion
Based on the description before it could be concluded that: 1.In Winnetou I written by Karl May and its Indonesian translation each has 13 verbs which required experiencer role.2. In German, psychic verbs which require the present of two arguments which have meaning relation stimulus and experiencer tend to have specific syntactic behavior, that is argument with stimulus role is functioned as subject, while argument with experiencer role is functioned as object (whether with dative or accusative case).In the sentences with the predicate of sensory perception verbs, the experiencer role is realized on the subject function, while stimulus role is functioned as object.The same thing happens in Indonesian language also.3.In point of the emerge frequency view, the experiencer role realized in the object is higher in German language, while in Indonesian language the experiencer role is more realized in the subject.
The conclusion of this research implicates in teaching German for Indonesian speaker.That's why in teaching German for Indonesian speaker, especially in explaining German sentences, it is suggested to include sentence analysis with notion of semantic role.It is to clarify those sentences in German which have verbs with the semantic relation of stimulus and experiencer.
is one of the adventure story writer who writes many famous adventure stories.One of them is the trilogy story of Winnetou, namely Winnetou I, Winneou II, and Winnetou III.The Winnetou trilogy was first published in 1893, tells about the story of a German wanderer named Old Shatterhand in Wild West America and his relationship with Winnetou, the leader of Apache, an Indian ethnic group.

.5 The Realization of Experiencer Role in the Syntactic Function in Indonesian Sentences 10
) Verb sich interessieren für/ an 'to be interessted in....'