STUDY OF RISK FACTORS AND LEPTOSPIRA DETECTION OF SANITARY WORKERS IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Muslimin Budiman(1), Syifa Melati Putri(2), Putri Medita Rachmayanti(3), Ramdesima Kasmir(4), Dian Widiyanti(5*)

(1) Student, Faculty of Medicine Universitas YARSI, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
(2) Student, Faculty of Medicine Universitas YARSI, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
(3) Student, Faculty of Medicine Universitas YARSI, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
(4) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas YARSI, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
(5) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas YARSI, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

ABSTRACT 

Leptospirosis is zoonotic disease, caused by spirochete-bacteria Leptospira, transmitted by excreted urine of rodent into the environment. Sanitary workers had high-risk of Leptospira infection due to frequent exposure to contaminated environment, which could cause asymptomatic leptospiruria (the presence of leptospira in urine) and severe complications, such as chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to find leptospiruria in sanitary workers, using PCR method, targeting specific genes of Leptospira. Urine samples and questionnaires were obtained from fifteen sanitary workers. Samples were cultured in EMJH-broth with addition of 5-fluorouracil, incubated for 3 months and observed for growth of bacteria using dark-field microscope.  Identification of bacteria was performed by PCR, targeting lipl32, rrl, flaB, ompL1 genes, followed by sequencing using Sanger method, alignment using ClustalW and BLAST. The questionnaires result showed that 26,7% of respondent had medium level of risk factors, and 53,3% of respondent had applied good prevention for leptospirosis. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was relationship between risk factors and prevention. Culture result showed growth in four samples, and analysis by PCR only showed rrl-PCR had expected amplicon. However sequencing result showed that the amplicon had 99% homogeneity to Pseudomonas stutzeri. In conclusion, Leptospira was not found in the urine of sanitary worker, might be due to applied good prevention for leptospirosis.

Keywords: Leptospira, Leptospiruria, Sanitary Worker, Risk Factors

 

ABSTRAK 

Leptospirosis adalah penyakit zoonosis, yang disebabkan oleh bacteria Leptospira Sp., ditularkan melalui urin hewan pengerat yang dikeluarkan ke lingkungan. Pekerja sanitasi memiliki risiko tinggi terinfeksi Leptospira karena sering terpapar lingkungan yang terkontaminasi, yang dapat menyebabkan leptospiruria (adanya liptospira dalam urin) tanpa gejala, dan komplikasi berat, seperti penyakit ginjal kronis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan leptospiruria pada petugas kebersihan, menggunakan metode PCR, menargetkan gen spesifik Leptospira. Sampel urin dan kuesioner diperoleh dari lima belas petugas kebersihan. Sampel dikultur dalam EMJH-broth dengan penambahan 5-fluorouracil, diinkubasi selama 3 bulan dan diamati pertumbuhan bakterinya menggunakan mikroskop medan gelap. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan PCR, menargetkan gen lipl32, rrl, flaB, ompL1, dilanjutkan dengan sequencing menggunakan metode Sanger, alignment menggunakan ClustalW dan BLAST. Hasil kuesioner menunjukkan bahwa 26,7% responden memiliki faktor risiko tingkat sedang, dan 53,3% responden telah menerapkan pencegahan leptospirosis yang baik. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara faktor risiko dan pencegahan. Hasil kultur menunjukkan pertumbuhan pada keempat sampel, dan analisis dengan PCR hanya menunjukkan rrl-PCR memiliki amplikon yang diharapkan. Namun hasil sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa amplikon memiliki homogenitas 99% terhadap Pseudomonas stutzeri. Kesimpulannya, Leptospira tidak ditemukan dalam urin petugas kebersihan, mungkin karena penerapan pencegahan leptospirosis yang baik.

Kata kunci: Leptospira, Leptospiruria, Petugas Kebersihan, Faktor Risiko



Full Text:

PDF

References

Adler, B., and de la Peña Moctezuma, A. 2010. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Veterinary microbiology. 140(3-4). Pp= 287–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012

Alwazzeh, M. J., Alkuwaiti, F. A., Alqasim, M., Alwarthan, S., and El-Ghoneimy, Y. 2020. Infective Endocarditis Caused by Pseudomonas stutzeri: A Case Report and Literature Review. Infectious disease reports. 12(3). Pp= 105–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/idr12030020

Bello, C.S.S. 2007. Pseudomonas stutzeri: a rare cause of neonatal septicemia. Eastern Mediterrenian Health Journal. 13(3). Pp= 731-4

Costa, F., Hagan, J. E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M. S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B., and Ko, A. I. 2015. Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 9(9). P= e0003898. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898

Fernandes, M., Vieira, M. L., Carreira, T., and Teodósio, R. 2019. Sanitation workers from Portugal: Is there evidence of Leptospira spp?. Journal of infection and public health. 12(5). Pp= 738–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.02.001

Ganoza, C. A., Matthias, M. A., Saito, M., Cespedes, M., Gotuzzo, E., and Vinetz, J. M. 2010. Asymptomatic renal colonization of humans in the peruvian Amazon by Leptospira. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 4(2). P= e612. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000612

Kamath, R., Swain, S., Pattanshetty, S., and Nair, N. S. 2014. Studying risk factors associated with human leptospirosis. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 6(1). Pp= 3–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.127941

Kawabata, H., Dancel, L. A., Villanueva, S. Y., Yanagihara, Y., Koizumi, N., and Watanabe, H. 2001. flaB-polymerase chain reaction (flaB-PCR) and its restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis are an efficient tool for detection and identification of Leptospira spp. Microbiology and Immunology. 45(6), pp. 491–496. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02649.x

Kemenkes RI. 2019. Data dan Informasi Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018. http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Data-dan-Informasi_Profil-Kesehatan-Indonesia-2018.pdf. (in Indonesian)

Ko, A. I., Goarant, C., and Picardeau, M. 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nature reviews. Microbiology. 7(10), pp. 736–747. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2208

Koizumi, N., Muto, M. M., Akachi, S., Okano, S., Yamamoto, S., Horikawa, K., Harada, S., Funatsumaru, S., and Ohnishi, M. 2013. Molecular and serological investigation of Leptospira and leptospirosis in dogs in Japan. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 62(Pt 4). Pp= 630–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.050039-0

Lalucat, J., Bennasar, A., Bosch, R., García-Valdés, E., and Palleroni, N. J. 2006. Biology of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 70(2). Pp= 510–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00047-05

Lau, C.L., Townell, N., Stephenson, E., van den Berg, D., and Craig, S.B. 2018. Leptospirosis : an important zoonosis acquired through work, play and travel. Australian Journal of General Practice, 47(3). Pp= 105-10. doi: 10.31128/AFP-07-17-4286

Noble, R.C., and Overman, S.B. 1994. Pseudomonas stutzeri infection a review of hospital isolates and a review of the literature. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 19(1). Pp= 51-6. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(94)90051-5

Pappas, G., Papadimitriou, P., Siozopoulou, V., Christou, L., and Akritidis, N. 2008. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. International journal of infectious disease. 12(4). Pp= 351–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2007.09.011

Park, S. W., Back, J. H., Lee, S. W., Song, J. H., Shin, C. H., Kim, G. E., and Kim, M. J. 2013. Successful antibiotic treatment of Pseudomonas stutzeri-induced peritonitis without peritoneal dialysis catheter removal in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney research and clinical practice. 32(2). Pp= 81–3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.krcp.2013.04.004

Patricia, H.R., Arlen, G.R., Monica, B., and Gladys, Q. 2014. Identification of ompL1 and lipL32 Genes to Diagnosis of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Isolated from Cattle. Open Journal of Veterinary. 4(5). Pp= 102-12. doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2014.45012

Saito, M., Villanueva, S. Y., Chakraborty, A., Miyahara, S., Segawa, T., Asoh, T., Ozuru, R., Gloriani, N. G., Yanagihara, Y., and Yoshida, S. 2013. Comparative analysis of Leptospira strains isolated from environmental soil and water in the Philippines and Japan. Applied and environmental microbiology. 79(2). Pp= 601–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02728-12

Sivasankari, K., Shanmughapriya, S., and Natarajaseenivasan, K. 2016. Leptospiral renal colonization status in asymptomatic rural population of Tiruchirapalli district, Tamilnadu, India. Pathogens and global health. 110(4-5). Pp= 209–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2016.1222054

Taneja, N., Meharwal, S. K., Sharma, S. K., and Sharma, M. 2004. Significance and characterisation of pseudomonads from urinary tract specimens. The Journal of Communicable Diseases. 36(1). Pp= 27–34.

Widiyanti, D., Djannatun, T., Astuti, I., and Maharsi, E. D. 2019. Leptospira detection in flood-prone environment of Jakarta, Indonesia. Zoonoses and public health. 66(6). Pp= 597–602. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12610

Yang, C.W. 2018. Leptospirosis renal disease : emerging culprit of chronic kidney disease unknown etiology. Nephron. 138(2). Pp= 129-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000480691

DOI: 10.23917/biomedika.v14i2.17953

Article Metrics

Abstract view(s): 623 time(s)
PDF: 436 time(s)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.