Dampak Penggunaan Media Sosial Terhadap Gangguan Psikososial Pada Remaja: A Narrative Review

Inggit Annisa Nurfethia Gunawan(1), Suryani .(2), Iwan Shalahuddin(3*)

(1) Fakultas Keperawan Unpad
(2) Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Padjadjaran
(3) Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Padjadjaran
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Banyak faktor yang dapat menyebabkan remaja mengalami gangguan kesehatan jiwa, salah satunya adalah penggunaan media sosial. Penggunaan media sosial dapat menimbulkan berbagai dampak baik positif maupun negatif. Namun penggunaan media sosial dengan intensitas tinggi menimbulkan peluang lebih besar pada remaja untuk mengalami gangguan kesehatan jiwa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana dampak media sosial terhadap gangguan psikososial yang terjadi pada remaja. Metode literatur ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan narrative review. Pencarian artikel menggunakan database EBSCOHOST database, Google Scholar, Proquest database, PUBMED database, dan  Science Direct. Kata kunci Bahasa inggris yang digunakan adalah “social media” AND “impact” AND “psychosocial disorders” AND “adolescent” OR “youth”. Sedangkan kata kunci dalam Bahasa Indonesia yaitu “dampak” DAN “media sosial” DAN “gangguan psikososial” DAN “remaja”. Kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ditetapkan dalam pemilihan artikel diantaranya artikel mengenai dampak media sosial terhadap kesehatan jiwa remaja, artikel full text, tahun terbit artikel maksimal 10 tahun terakhir (2012-2021). Didapatkan 10 artikel membahas tentang dampak penggunaan media sosial yang menimbulkan depresi,  kecemasan, dan timbulnya gangguan makan pada remaja. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan media sosial dengan berlebih dapat menimbulkan berbagai dampak pada remaja seperti gangguan makan, kecemasan, hingga depresi.

Keywords

Gangguan Psikososial, Media Sosial, Remaja

References

Ahuja, V., & Alavi, S. (2017). Cyber psychology and cyber behaviour of adolescents-the need of the contemporary era. Procedia Computer Science, 122, 671–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCS.2017.11.422

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Edition (DSM-V). In Pediatria Integral (Vol. 17). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Anderson, M. Jiang, J. (2018). Teens’ Social Media Habits and Experiences. Pew Research Center Website. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/11/28/teens-social-media-habits-and-experiences/

Avenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K. (2015). Major Depression in the National Comorbidity Survey- Adolescent Supplement: Prevalence, Correlates, and Treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAC.2014.10.010

Aveyard, H. (2010). Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Berkshire, Great Britain: Open University Press.

Aveyard, Helen. (2014). Doing a literature review in health and social care: a practical guide. In British Journal of Guidance & Counselling (3rd ed., Vol. 43). https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2014.975101

Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2014.03.001

Bista, B., Thapa, P., Sapkota, D., Singh, S. B., & Pokharel, P. K. (2016). Psychosocial Problems among Adolescent Students: An Exploratory Study in the Central Region of Nepal. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00158

Blakemore, S. J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 65, pp. 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202

Blasco, R. L., Cosculluela, C. L., & Robres, A. Q. (2020). Social network addiction and its impact on anxiety level among university students. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135397

Braaten, E. B. (2018). Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483392271.n178

Carter, B., Rees, P., Hale, L., Bhattacharjee, D., & Paradkar, M. S. (2016). Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(12), 1202–1208. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2016.2341

Cerniglia, L., Zoratto, F., Cimino, S., Laviola, G., Ammaniti, M., & Adriani, W. (2017). Internet Addiction in adolescence: Neurobiological, psychosocial and clinical issues. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2016.12.024

Chango J.M., McElhaney K.B., Allen J.P., S. M. M. M. E. (2012). Relational stressors and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: rejection sensitivity as a vulnerability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(3), 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10802-011-9570-Y

Chaplin. (2011). Kamus Lengkap psikologi (terjemahan Kartini Kartono). Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Charmaraman, L., Gladstone, T., & Richer, A. (2018). Positive and negative associations between adolescent mental health and technology. In Technology and Adolescent Mental Health (pp. 61–71). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69638-6_5

Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., Sahdra, B., Marshall, S., Jackson, C., Gloster, A. T., & Heaven, P. (2016). The development of compulsive internet use and mental health: A four-year study of adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/DEV0000070

Connolly, Thomas and Begg, C. (2010). Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management Fifth Edition. Boston: Pearson Education.

Demiris, G., Oliver, D.P., & Washington, K. T. (2019). Behavioral Intervention Research in Hospice and Palliative Care Building an Evidence Base. Academic Press.

Dulli, L., Ridgeway, K., Packer, C., Murray, K. R., Mumuni, T., Plourde, K. F., … McCarraher, D. R. (2020). A Social Media–Based Support Group for Youth Living with HIV in Nigeria (SMART Connections): Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6). https://doi.org/10.2196/18343

Efron, S., & David, R. (2011). Writing the Literature Review: A Practical Guide. In An Automated Irrigation System Using Arduino Microcontroller (Vol. 1908).

Ellison, N. B., & Boyd, D. M. (2013). Sociality Through Social Network Sites. 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199589074.013.0008

Ethan, K., Philippe, V., Emre, D., Jiyoung, P., David Seungjae, L., Natalie, L., … Oscar, Y. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS One, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0069841

Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Negative comparisons about one’s appearance mediate the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns. Body Image, 12, 82–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004

Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social Media and Body Image Concerns: Current Research and Future Directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2015.09.005

Fauziawati, W. (2015). Upaya Mereduksi Kebiasaan Bermain Game Online melalui Teknik Diskusi Kelompok. Psikopedagog, 4(2), 115–123. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.12928/%0Apsikopedagog ia.v4i2.4483.

Feroz, K. ; G. (2017). Social Media for Government. Singapore: Springer.

Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. In The European Medical Writers Association (Vol. 24). https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329

Frith, E. (2017). Social media and children’s mental health: A review of the evidence. Retrieved from https://epi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Social-Media_Mental-Health_EPI-Report.pdf

Galloway, M., Conner, J., & Pope, D. (2013). Nonacademic Effects of Homework in Privileged, High-Performing High Schools. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/00220973.2012.745469, 81(4), 490–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2012.745469

Gani, A. G. (2015). Pengaruh Media Sosial Terhadap Perkembangan Anak Remaja. Jurnal Mitra Manajemen, 7(2), 32–42. Retrieved from http://journal.universitassuryadarma.ac.id/index.php/jmm/article/viewFile/533/499

George M.J., Russell M.A., Piontak J.R., O. C. . (2018). Concurrent and Subsequent Associations Between Daily Digital Technology Use and High-Risk Adolescents’ Mental Health Symptoms. Child Development, 89(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/CDEV.12819

Glanz, J. M., Wagner, N. M., Narwaney, K. J., Kraus, C. R., Shoup, J. A., Xu, S., … Daley, M. F. (2017). Web-based social media intervention to increase vaccine acceptance: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 140(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1117

Hoare, E., Milton, K., Foster, C., & Allender, S. (2017). Depression, psychological distress and Internet use among community-based Australian adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4272-1

Hockenberry , J.M. & Wilson, D. (2007). Wong’s nursing care of infant and children (8th ed.). Canada: Mosby Company.

Jesson, J. (2011). Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Keliat, B. A., Akemat, N. H., & Nurhaeni, H. (2012). Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa Komunitas CMHN (Basic Course). Jakarta: EGC.

Keliat B.A, P. J. (2016). Prinsip dan Praktik Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa Stuart. Edisi Indonesia Pertama. Singapore: Elsevier Inc.

Kira E. Riehm, MSc, Calliope Holingue, PhD, Luther G. Kalb, PhD, Daniel Bennett, PhD, Arie Kapteyn, PhD, Qin Jiang, MA, Cindy B. Veldhuis, PhD, Renee M. Johnson, PhD, M. Daniele Fallin, PhD, Frauke Kreuter, PhD, Elizabeth A. Stuart, PhD, and Johannes Thru, P. (2020). Associations Between Media Exposure and Mental Distress Among U.S. Adults at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(5), 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2020.06.008

Kominfo, UNICEF, H. (2014). Keamanan Penggunaan Media Digital pada Anak dan Remaja di Indonesia. Kominfo. Retrieved from https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/3834/siaran-pers-no-17pihkominfo22014-tentang-riset-kominfo-dan-unicef-mengenai-perilaku-anak-dan-remaja-dalam-menggunakan-internet/0/siaran_pers

Kring, Ann. M., Johnson, Sheri L., Davidson, Gerald. C., Neale, J. . (2012). Abnormal Psychology (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kuss, D.J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and adiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 3528–3552.

Lau, F., & Kuziemsky, C. (2016). Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence Based Approach. Victoria: University of Victoria.

Leah H Somerville. (2013). Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413476512

Li, J.-B., Mo, P. K. H., Lau, J. T. F., Su, X.-F., Zhang, X., Wu, A. M. S., … Chen, Y.-X. (2018). Online social networking addiction and depression: The results from a large-scale prospective cohort study in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 686–696. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.69

Matias, M. G. F. J. F. de A. G. de. (2017). Association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among adolescents. Revista de Nutrição, 30(3), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652017000300010

ML, Y., KJ, M., NA, P., & SL, R. (2015). Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among U.S. LGBT and non-LGBT youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 39, 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2014.08.006

Nasir, Abdul dan Muhith, A. (2011). Dasar-dasar keperawatan jiwa : Pengantar dan teori/Abdul Nasir dan Abdul Muhith. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.

Procentese, F., Gatti, F., & Napoli, I. Di. (2019). Families and Social Media Use: The Role of Parents’ Perceptions about Social Media Impact on Family Systems in the Relationship between Family Collective Efficacy and Open Communication. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245006

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., Dehaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2013.02.014

Puukko, K., Hietajärvi, L., Maksniemi, E., Alho, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2020). Social media use and depressive symptoms—a longitudinal study from early to late adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165921

Raudsepp, L., & Kais, K. (2019). Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine Reports, 15(June), 100925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100925

Roberts, T., Miguel Esponda, G., Krupchanka, D., Shidhaye, R., Patel, V., & Rathod, S. (2018). Factors associated with health service utilisation for common mental disorders: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2018 18:1, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12888-018-1837-1

Sarwono S.W. (2011). Psikologi Remaja. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Scott, H., Biello, S. M., & Woods, H. C. (2019). Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study. BMJ Open, 9(9), e031161. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031161

Shi, L., Lu, Z.-A., Que, J.-Y., Huang, X.-L., Liu, L., Ran, M.-S., … Lu, L. (2020). Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2020.14053

Sidani J.E., Shensa A., H. B. H. J. P. B. A. (2017). The Association between Social Media Use and Eating Concerns among U.S Young Adults. Physiology & Behavior, 176(12), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.03.021.The

Smith, D. T., Mouzon, D. M., & Elliott, M. (2018). Reviewing the Assumptions About Men’s Mental Health: An Exploration of the Gender Binary. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316630953

Suryani, F.L, Suwarti, C. H. D. (2014). Instagram dan Fashion Remaja (Studi Kasus Peran Media Sosial Instagram terhadap Trend Fashion Remaja dalam akun @ootdindo Tahun 2014). 1–20.

Sutejo. (2018). Keperawatan Jiwa, Konsep dan Praktik Asuhan Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa: Gangguan Jiwa dan Psikososial.Keperawatan Jiwa, Konsep dan Praktik Asuhan Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa: Gangguan Jiwa dan Psikososial. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.

TE, J., JM, B.-S., & C, C. (2017). Do Undiagnosed Suicide Decedents Have Symptoms of a Mental Disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12), 1744–1752. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCLP.22498

Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2019). Active and Passive Social Media Use and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressed Mood among Icelandic Adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(8), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0079

Triastuti, E., Andrianto, D., & Nurul, A. (2017). Kajian Dampak Penggunaan Media Sosial Bagi Anak Dan Remaja. In Puskakom. Pusat Kajian Komunikasi, FISIP Universitas Indonesia.

Trinh, L., Wong, B., & Faulkner, G. E. (2015). The Independent and Interactive Associations of Screen Time and Physical Activity on Mental Health, School Connectedness and Academic Achievement among a Population-Based Sample of Youth. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(1), 17. Retrieved from /pmc/articles/PMC4357330/

Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376

Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017). Benefits and Costs of Social Media in Adolescence. In PEDIATRICS (Vol. 140). Retrieved from www.aappublications.org/news

Wardiaw, J. H. (2007). Perspectives in Nutrition. New York: McGraw Hill.

Wong, H. Y., Mo, H. Y., Potenza, M. N., Chan, M. N. M., Lau, W. M., Chui, T. K., … Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Relationships between Severity of Internet Gaming Disorder, Severity of Problematic Social Media Use, Sleep Quality and Psychological Distress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17061879

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Adolescent mental health. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

Yang, X., Yip, B. H. K., Mak, A. D. P., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2021). The differential effects of social media on depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among the younger and older adult population in hong kong during the covid-19 pandemic: Population-based cross-sectional survey study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2196/24623

Yusuf, A. (2015). KEPERAWATAN KESEHATAN JIWA. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.

Zagorski, N. (2017). Using Many Social Media Platforms Linked With Depression, Anxiety Risk. Psychiatric News, 52(2), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2017.1b16

Zamora, A. A., Regencia, Z. J. G., Crisostomo, M. E., Van Hal, G., & Baja, E. S. (2021). Effect of daily social media exposure on anxiety and depression disorders among cargo seafarers: a cross-sectional study. International Maritime Health, 72(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2021.0008

Zeeni, N., Doumit, R., Abi Kharma, J., & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J. (2018). Media, Technology Use, and Attitudes: Associations With Physical and Mental Well-Being in Youth With Implications for Evidence-Based Practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 15(4), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12298

DOI: 10.23917/jk.v15i1.17426

Article Metrics

Abstract view(s): 2457 time(s)
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia): 2765 time(s)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.