Formulation of Mouthwash Preparations Ethanol Extract of Coffee Beans Roasted Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Effectiveness Test on Bacteria Streptococcus mutans

Syaifur Rahman(1*), Reni Ariastuti(2), Ahwan Ahwan(3)

(1) Universitas Sahid Surakarta
(2) Universitas Sahid Surakarta
(3) Universitas Sahid Surakarta
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Dental caries can be caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Robusta coffee bean extract has an inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Compounds that have antibacterial activity are chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeine, caffeic acid and trigonelline. Robusta coffee bean extract has the potential to be formulated into mouthwash. This study aims to make a mouthwash formula with the active ingredient of roasted Robusta coffee extract and then evaluate the preparation and test its effectiveness against S. mutans bacteria. Mouthwash preparations were made in 3 formulas with different glycerin concentrations, namely 5%, 10%, and 15%. The stability test of the preparation used the treatment before and after the forced condition. Bacterial inhibition test using agar diffusion method with the positive control, namely commercial mouthwash Chlorhexidine and negative control mouthwash formula without extract content. Data analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine the differences in each treatment, and the Mann-Whitney test to see which treatment groups were significantly different. The results of the evaluation of the stability of the preparation showed that the three formulations of the mouthwash of roasted Robusta coffee bean extract had organoleptic stability, pH, and viscosity. The results of the inhibitory effectiveness test showed that the mouthwash formulation of formula 1 produced an inhibition zone of 1.6 mm, formula 2 of 2.1 mm, formula 3 of 2.4 mm, positive control of 6.8 mm, and negative control did not produce obstacles zone. It can be concluded that the three mouthwash formulas have antibacterial activity in the weak category (<5 mm). The concentration of glycerin in the formula had no significant effect on the stability of the preparation and the antibacterial effectiveness of S. mutans. The results of the inhibitory effectiveness test showed that the mouthwash formulation of formula 1 produced an inhibition zone of 1.6 mm, formula 2 of 2.1 mm, formula 3 of 2.4 mm, positive control of 6.8 mm, and negative control did not produce obstacles zone. It can be concluded that the three mouthwash formulas have antibacterial activity in the weak category (<5 mm). The concentration of glycerin in the formula had no significant effect on the stability of the preparation and the antibacterial effectiveness of S. mutans. The results of the inhibitory effectiveness test showed that the mouthwash formulation of formula 1 produced an inhibition zone of 1.6 mm, formula 2 of 2.1 mm, formula 3 of 2.4 mm, positive control of 6.8 mm, and negative control did not produce obstacles zone. It can be concluded that the three mouthwash formulas have antibacterial activity in the weak category (<5 mm). The concentration of glycerin in the formula had no significant effect on the stability of the preparation and the antibacterial effectiveness of S. mutans.

Keywords

Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora); the bacteria S. mutans; mouthwash formulations; antibacterial

Full Text:

PDF

References

AAP Almeida, CC Naghetini, VR Santos, AG Antonio, A. Farah, MBA Gloria, (2012), Influence of natural coffee compounds, coffee extract and increased levels of caffeine on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, Food Research International, 49: 459-461.

Anastasia, A., Yuliet, Tandah, MR, (2017), Formulation of Mouthwash Preparations for Preventing Dental Plaque Cocoa Seed Extract (Theobroma cacao L) and Effectiveness Test on Streptococcus mutans Bacteria, GALENIKA Journal of Pharmacy, 3 (1): 84–92.

Baitariza, A., Ghazali, A., Rosmiati, (2020), Formulation of Mouthwash Solution for Preventing Dental Plaque Pineapple Peel Extract (Ananas comosus L. Merr), Sabdariffarma Journal, 6 (1):33-42.

Brooks GF, Carol KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Mietzner TA. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg Medical Microbiology 25th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies. US; 2010. 56 – 62, 339 – 370.

Chairgulprasert, V. & K. Kittiya, (2017), Preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant of robusta coffee blossom, Thammasat International Journal of Science and Technology, Thailand, 22 (1): 18.

Chamidah, S., (2012), Antibacterial Power of Robusta Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea canephora) Against the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis [Thesis]. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia.

Dewi, et al., (2015), Antibacterial Effects and Biofilm Inhibition of Lemongrass Extract (Cymbopogon Nardus L.) Against Streptococcus mutans, Indonesian Dentistry Magazine, 1 (2): 136 – 141.

Efendi, Nur Rohman, (2017), Effect of Giving Ethanol Extract of Karika Fruit (Carica pubescent L.) on Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) Activity of Paracetamol Induced Rat Liver, Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

Farah, Adriana., Carmen MD, (2012), Phenolic Compounds in Coffee. Braz. J. Plant Physiol, 18(1):23-36.

Gowtham, A. et al., (2020), Comparative Evaluation Of Antibacterial Efficacy Of Green Coffee Bean Extract Mouthwash and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Against Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli Spp. – An In Vitro Study, Indian Journal Of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research KLEU, 13 (2).

Handayani, F., Sundu, R & Ria, MS, (2017), Formulation and Test of Streptococcus mutans Antibacterial Activity from Mouthwash Preparations Guava Leaf Extract (Psidium guajava L.), Journal of Science and Health, 1 (8): 422- 433.

Hidayanto, A., Manikam. AS, Pertiwi, WS & Harismah, K., (2017), Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leaf Extract Mouthwash Formulation with Stevia (Stevia rebaundiana Bortoni) Natural Sweetener, The 6th University Research Colloqium, University of Muhammadiyah Magelang, Indonesia.

Kiattisin, K., Nantarat, T., Leelapornpisid, P., (2016), Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities As Well As Stability of Green and Roasted Coffee Bean Extracts From Coffea Arabica and Coffea Canephora Grown In Thailand, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 8(10): 182-192.

Lukas A, (2012), Gambir Mouthwash Formulation With Added Peppermint and Clove Oil, Journal of Industrial Research Dynamics, 23: (2).

Maheswari, RA, Krismariono, A., & Bargowo, L, (2015), Inhibitory Power of Robusta Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea Canephora) Against the Growth of Plaque Bacteria. 6.

Maheasy FL and Atun S, (2017), Antibacterial Activity Test of TemuKEY (Boesenbergia Pandurata) Ethanol Extract Against Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria, Scientific Journal of Research, 22: (1).

Oelviani and Hermawan, (2017), The Need for Coffee Technology in Central Java (Case Study of Coffee Commodities in Temanggung Regency), National Development Planning Agency BAPPEDA Central Java Province 2017.

Rahman, et al, (2017), Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Soursop Leaf (Annona muricata L.) Ethanol Extract on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668, Indonesian Dentistry Magazine I, 3: (1).

Ririn, et al., (2013), Formulation of Mouthwash Preparations From Betel Juice (Piper beetle L.) Siriboah Varieties, As-Syifaa, 5 (02): 153-161.

Rowe, Raymond C, et al. (2009). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th Ed. Pharmaceutical Press, USA. Page: 301.

Siebert M, Berger RG, Nieter A. (2018), Enzymatic mitigation of 5-O-chlorogenic acid for an improved digestibility of coffee, Food Chem, 03.061:124-128.

Sinaredi, BR., Pradopo, S., Wibowo, TB, (2014), Antibacterial Power of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash, Povidone Iodine, Zinc Supplementation Fluoride Against, Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas

Suryani, N., Adini, S., Stiani, SN, Indriatmoko, DD, (2019), Herbal Mouthwash Containing Ethyl Acetate Extract of Bintaro Bark (Cerberra Odollam Gaertn) As Antibacterial Streptococcus Mutans Causes Dental Plaque, Farmaka, 17 ( 2).

Tanauma, HA., Citraningtyas, G., Lolo, WA., (2016), Antibacterial Activity of Robusta Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea canephora) Against Escherichia coliI Bacteria, PHARMACON Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal I, 5: (4).

Utami, NF, Nhestricia, N., (2018), The Test of Antioxidant Activities With Comparison of Extraction Methods From Robusta Coffee Seeds (Coffea canephora), JOURNAL OF SCIENCE INNOVARE, 01 (02): 60-63.

Xie Q, Li J, Zhou X, (2008), Anticaries effect of compounds extracted from Galla chinensis in a multispecies biofilm model, Oral Microbiol Immunol, 23: 459 – 465.

Yaqin, MA, M. Nurmilawati, (2015), Effect of Robusta Coffee Extract (Coffea robusta) as a Growth Inhibitor, XII National Seminar on Biology Education FKIP UNS.

Yosephine, AD, Wulanjati, MP, Saifullah, TN, & Astuti, P., (2013), Mouthwash Formulation of Basil Leaves Essential Oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) And Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Tests against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria In Vitro, Trad. Med. J., 18(2), 95-102.

Yusmarini, (2011), Polyphenol compounds in coffee: influence of processing, metabolism and its relationship with health, SAGU Journal, 10 (2): 22-30.

Yusianto., Dwi N., (2014), Physical Quality and Taste of Arabica Coffee Stored Before Pulping, Pelita Perkebunan, 30 (2): 137-158.

DOI: 10.23917/jnhm.v4i1.15670

Article Metrics

Abstract view(s): 771 time(s)
PDF: 1560 time(s)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.