Development of Information and Management System of Student Competition Groups through User-Centered Design Approach

-The majority of universities in Indonesia make maximum efforts to participate and excel in the implementation of the Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa (PKM). PKM requires students to collaborate interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary. The problem at the beginning of PKM implementation is establishing team. where students find it difficult to have fellow students or supervisors from different disciplines that match to the topic of their PKM. This research develops a user-oriented interaction and interface of information systems and group management. Development was carried out through a User-Centered Design which consists of the following stages: plan the human-centered process; understand and specify the context of use; specify the user requirements; produce design solutions to meet user requirements; and evaluate the design against the requirements. Testing using System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) approach were conducted on 30 respondents who had competencies as business analysts, programmers, and testers. The results of the mean score of the SUS test are 80, and the mean Score of the UEQ test on the Attractiveness variable is 1.922, Clarity is 2.158, Efficiency is 2.042, Accuracy is 1.708, Stimulation is 1.967, and Novelty is 1.917. The system has achieved the goals and user experience because all the testing scores are above the standard provisions.


Introduction
As college graduates, students are required to have academic knowledge, thinking skills, management skills and communication skills [1]. The Indonesian government by the Directorate General of Higher Education always strives to accelerate the improvement of student competencies in the form of Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa (namely: PKM). PKM activities aim to realize creative, innovative, productive and competitive students in line with the character of Pancasila [1]. The level of student participation in PKM implementation grants during 2019 to 2020 had increased from 3,621 to 4,522 proposals [2]- [4].
PKM requires students to collaborate interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary. The implementation of PKM that is multidisciplinary can become a priority for funding grants because it is able to contribute to the social humanities and exact fields. The problem commonly faced at the beginning of PKM implementation is to build collaboration between students or collaboration between students and supervisors, where students found it difficult to have other fellow students or supervisors from different disciplines in their groups and according to the topic of PKM. In the era of the Covid-19 pandemic which requires students to work independently, it also leads to greater difficulties for establishing multidisciplinary collaborations.
The majority of universities in Indonesia make maximum efforts to participate and excel in the implementation of PKM. The result of PKM implementation affect the increase of student and university achievement in the ranking set by the Ministry of Education and Culture [1]. Research studies on previous scientific research articles were carried out to identify the forms of information system implementation of PKM in a university. The study in [5] developed a mobile application that aimed to display PKM implementation information messages through push notifications on android devices and short message services on basic devices. Another work in [6] built a website that aimed to convey information on PKM guidelines and PKM coordinator management in each study program. In addition, [7] also built websites that aimed to convey information on the implementation Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informatika of PKM and manage data on PKM proposals. The focus of the research in [5]- [7] was to build a system that functions to convey information on the implementation of PKM but did not provide a functional website to manage the establishment of the PKM group.
The level of functional usability and user satisfaction with a system is a success indicator in developing an information system [8]. The usability variable in an information system refers to the ability to learn, efficiency, memory, error prevention ability, and the ability to provide pleasant interaction of a system [9]. Thus, the mechanism for developing user-oriented applications or information systems can be done through a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach. UCD is an approach to applications or information systems development that is oriented toward user requirements by considering psychological, cultural, cognitive, and other variables. The user-centered design originates from the field of product and software development but has been applied across many disciplines and contexts [10]. The use of UCD has the advantage of being a software development optimization solution that has been extensively used during the last two decades but has paid less attention to design and architectural issues [11]. The end-user characteristics of a product will be examined and considered explicitly when a product is developed through UCD.
Further scientific research studies were conducted on the topic of application and system development through the UCD approach. The development of mobile-based applications and web-based systems through the UCD approach had been carried out such as: research [12] developed a mobile application for learning computational thinking for children, research [13] developed a mobile-based educational game for learning English vocabulary for children, research [14] developed a mobile application for the implementation of counseling guidance for adolescents, research [15] developed a website in the form of elearning for students in universities, research [16] developed a website for learning the philosophical values contained in batik motifs, and research [17] develop a website-based information system for learning on Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Prevention in Indonesian government agencies. The results of further research studies showed that the UCD approach had been applied to the development of mobile applications and websites in education or other fields, but no research had been found that was specifically applied to competition activities.
This research discusses the development of information system interactions and interfaces in the management of competition group preparation through the UCD approach as a form of novelty on the artifacts dimension. The research process involved several stakeholders, such as the head of the student bureau and alumni, PKM Center administrators, the programmer team, and students. The output in this research was a high-fidelity prototype with the name UAD Juara. The evaluation process of the research results was carried out through System Usability Scale (SUS) [18] [19] and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) [20] [21] approach.
The terminology of usability according to ISO 9241-11 is the quality of a product to be used in achieving certain goals effectively, efficiently, and to meet the context of the user. The usability aspect is even one of the key success factors of implementing technology based on experiential learning [22]. The SUS approach is the most popular and the easiest to use evaluation instrument to measure the usability quality of any product [23]. SUS also has good measures of reliability and validity and has solid benchmarks to aid in score interpretation [24]. Comprehensive usability testing can be carried out after the SUS testing process, with the UEQ approach to collect quantitative data on user impressions or experiences [25].

Method
This section describes each systematic stage in the website development for the management of the student competition group at Universitas Ahmad Dahlan called UAD Juara. The interaction and interface design process for the UAD Juara website was carried out through User-Centered Design (UCD) approach. This approach puts users at the center of the website development process to ensure that the resulting product maintain usability value and a good user experience. There were several methodologies used in UCD, such as Albani-Lombardi, Lowdermilk, and ISO 9241-210: 2010. This research applied the ISO methodology because it is one of the widely used methodologies and included five main stages as shown in Figure 1.

A. Plan the Human-Centered Design
The first stage in UCD was the Plan the Human-Centered Process, where researchers collected secondary data through literature review sourced from books, scientific articles, papers, and references from the internet. In the first stage, primary data collection also was carried out through brainstorming between researchers and the head of student affairs and alumni bureau, students, PKM Center administrators and the programmer team.

B. Understand and Specify the Context of Use
The second stage in UCD was the process of identifying user characteristics, system development objectives, user environment in using the system, and determining the minimum and optimal requirements of the system. The identification process was based on the results of primary data collection in the first stage.

C. Specify the User Requirements
The third stage in UCD was the process of analyzing user requirements for the website explicitly in the form of several statements that contained "what the website can do to meet user requirements". User requirements would describe the tasks performed by users as an integral part of business operations. The identification process was also based on the results of primary data collection in the first and the second stage.

D. Produce Design Solution to Meet User Requirements
The fourth stage in UCD was the process of compiling concrete solutions in the form of website design using the use case modeling and website prototypes based on the results of user needs analysis. Use case diagrams would be applied to describe the interaction connection between users and the system, and the final output of this stage was a high-fidelity prototype that displayed a design with a high level of precision.

Result and Discussion
The first result of the plan the human-centered process stage was the collection of secondary data sourced from scientific study with the topic of efforts to develop applications or information systems through the UCD approach, and efforts to implement applications or information systems in the implementation of PKM. The results of literature review data showed that there was no application or system development through the UCD approach found that focused on the management of competition group. The second result was the primary data collection sourced from brainstorming activities between researchers and several stakeholders such as the head of the student affairs bureau and alumni, PKM Center administrator, the programmer team, and students to build a commitment to participation in this research.
The result of the understand and specify the context of use stage was identifying five main topics sourced from the primary data collection through brainstorming activities. The first discussion related to user characteristics was identified into 2 categories, which were the category of managers consisting of the head of staff of the student and alumni bureau and PKM Center administrators, and the category of users who were active students. The second discussion was related to the purpose of developing the system, that the existing system functioned as a medium for delivering information, and the development of the system aimed to accommodate the preparation of the competition group. The third discussion regarding the environment where the system was used, identified that the results of system development must be responsive and able to accommodate access via mobile and desktop devices from the internal and external internet network of the university. The fourth discussion related to the minimum functional system requirements identified that the results of system development must have standard functionalities as the delivery of information on the implementation of student competition activities. Finally, the fifth discussion related to the optimal functional system requirements identified that the results of system development must have a management function for the establishment of competition groups.
The result of the user requirements stage was to specifically describe user needs and system functional requirements based on the results of primary data collection through brainstorming. Details of the results of the identification of user needs and system functional requirements are shown in Appendix section.
The result of the produce a design solution to meet user requirements stage was to create a system design using the use case modeling and prototype based on the results of user needs analysis. Use Case Diagram showing the form of user interaction with the system is presented in Figure 2. The result of the preparation of the use case diagram was then translated into a more concrete form, namely high-fidelity prototype with the Laravel framework. The system design was built to meet the two main needs of users, that were obtaining information and forming student groups for competition. The home page would display all competition information through a menu bar and page sections that could be accessed without sign in to the system as shown in Figure 3.  Figure 4 describes the login page. It would accommodate the user and the manager during the initial management process of establishing the student group. The login page also allowed the user to create new accounts or recover registered accounts. The account registration and recovery mechanism require the official email of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. The user identity page would accommodate management process of each user's competency data. The form of user competence describe the interest of the student of the involvement in competitions, awards and activities that had been achieved. The detail is presented in Figure 5.  Figure 6 shows the registered users. The user page would accommodate the management process for the preparation of the student group. The initial mechanism of group preparation was done by searching and viewing the details of other users' information. Each user could identify the identity data of other users who had competence to the competition topic specifically. The user identity details page would display the competency information details of one of the selected users to identify. All the displayed data was the result of the user identity management process. As depicted in Figure 7, each user could identify and/or decide for the preparation of groups based on the competencies needed for the suitability of the interest of the competition or the proposed topic of the competition.

Figure 7. User Identity Details Page UAD Juara
The invitation page would accommodate the main process of preparing student groups. Each user could apply for a group after identifying competencies from other user cooperation as shown in Figure 8.  Figure 9 depicts discussion page for student in a group. The discussion page would accommodate the discussion process between users related to the initial process of preparing the group and/or the coordinating process of the implementation of student group activities. The process of discussion and coordination could be done by text and attached supporting documents . The whole process of obtaining information and forming student groups could be seen and managed by the system manager. The system design would accommodate all activities from users and managers side based on the results of the Use Case Diagram (Figure 2).
The result of the evaluate the design against the requirements stage was testing the system design by 30 respondents using the System Usability Scale and User Experience Questionnaire. The research respondents were students of the Dynamic Web Programming class consisting of 13 female and 17 male students. The students were in the 3 rd year of college, and had competencies as business analysts in compiling business requirements documents, had competencies as programmers in compiling website-based systems and had competencies as testers in testing website-based systems.
This study still has shortcomings, such as the mean value of the UEQ test in the dependability dimension, which is lower than the other dimensions. The low test result on the dependability dimension has been identified because there is a functional system that is not in accordance with the Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa guidebook. The system functionality that is a priority for improvement is the user identity form (Figure 5), the limitation of the number of team members in the recommendation mechanism (Figure 7), and the mechanism for downloading the competition team discussion process (Figure 9).

Conclusion
The output of this research is an interaction design and highfidelity prototype of an information system and management of a student competition group. The system accommodates all user needs based on the categories of managers and end-users of the system. The design approach used in this study was User-Centered Design (UCD). The results of high-fidelity prototype testing using the SUS and UEQ approaches indicate that the interaction design and system interface achieve the usability and user experience goals. The result of the average SUS score of 80 has a level of acceptability rages in the "acceptable" category, a grade scale level in the "B" category, and an adjective rating level in the "excellent" category. The results of UEQ testing also confirm that the system has excellent "clarity" and "efficiency" variables.
Although the interaction and interface design of this application achieve the objectives of usability and user experience, several assessment variables need to be optimized in future work. Feedback submitted by the respondents related to the assessment variable "accuracy" for future work is an adjustment of the user identity form with the competition guidebook and functional updates on recommendation team members' recommendation and downloading the discussion activity as a competition logbook. An iterative testing also has to be carried out to ensure that the system development will meets the requirements and acceptance of users optimally.