Zombie Company and CSR Performance with Corporate Governance and Ownership as Moderator Variables

Muhammad Madyan(1), Nugroho Sasikirono(2*), Putri Maulidya(3)

(1) Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga
(2) The Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
(3) The Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

This study aims to determine the relationship between zombie companies and the performance of corporate social responsibility, with corporate governance and ownership as moderator variables. A zombie company is a near-insolvent firm due to inefficiency and low profitability but still survive with external support from the government or bank (Kane, 1987). The determination of the sample is done by a purposive sampling method, with OLS and Moderated Regression Analysis methods. The number of research samples is 288 companies with a total of 1865 observations for the period 2010-2017. The analysis shows that CSR performance in zombie companies is lower than that of non-zombies. The moderator variable of corporate governance is proxied by board composition, while ownership is proxied by family ownership and institutional ownership. The board composition and institutional ownership variables do not moderate the negative effects of zombie companies on CSR performance, while the family ownership variable worsens the relationship between zombie companies and CSR performance. The research control variables are financial leverage, a dummy of state-owned enterprise, and firm size. While financial leverage has no effect on the CSR performance, the state-owned enterprise and firm size are positively related to that performance.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abbott, L. J., Park, Y., & Parker, S. (2000). The Effects of Audit Committee Activity and Independence on Corporate Fraud. Managerial Finance, 26(11), 55–68.

Acharya, V. V., Eisert, T., & Hirsch, C. (2018). Whatever It Takes: The Real Effects Of Unconventional Monetary Policy.

Adnan, S. M., Hay, D., & Staden, C. J. V. (2018). The Influence Of Culture And Corporate Governance On Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Cross Country Analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 820–832.

Ahearne, A. G., & Shinada, N. (2005). Zombie Firms and Economic Stagnation in Japan. International Economics and Economic Policy, 2(4), 363–381.

Banerjee, R., & Hoffman, B. (2018). The Rise of Zombie Firms: Causes and Consequences. BIS Quarterly Review, September, 67–77.

Barnea, A., & Rubin, A. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility as a Conflict between Shareholders. Journal of Business Ethics, 97, 71–86.

Branco, M. C., & Rodrigues, L. L. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility and Resource-Based Perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(2), 111–132.

Caballero, R. J., Hoshi, T., & Kashyap, A. K. (2008). Zombie Lending and Depressed Restructuring in Japan. The American Economic Review, 98(5), 1943–1977.

Cavanati, S. (2018). Corporate Social Performance in Family Firms: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Family Business Management, 8(3), 235–273.

Chen, C. J. P., & Jaggi, B. (2000). Association between independent non-executive directors, family control and financial disclosures in Hong Kong. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 19(4–5), 285–310.

Chen, L., Feldmann, A., & Tang, O. (2015). The Relationship Between Disclosures Of Corporate Social Performance And Financial Performance: Evidences From GRI Reports In Manufacturing Industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 170, 445–456.

Chen, T., Dong, H., & Lin, C. (2020). Institutional Shareholders And Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Financial Economic, 135(2), 483–504.

Cucculelli, M., & Micucci, G. (2008). Family Succession And Firm Performance: Evidence From Italian Family Firms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14, 17–31.

Dalton, D. R., Daily, C. M., Johnson, J. L., & Ellstrand, A. E. (1999). Number Of Directors and Financial Performance: A Meta Analysis. The Academy Of Management Journal, 42(6), 674–686.

Dyck, A., Lins, K. V., Roth, L., & Wagner, H. F. (2019). Do institutional investors drive corporate social responsibility? Journal of Financial Economics, 131(3), 693–714.

Freeman, R. E., & Reed, D. (1983). Stockholders And Stakeholders: A New Perspective On Corporate Governance. California Management Review, 25(3), 88–106.

Fukuda, J., & Nakamura, J. (2011). Why Did “Zombie” Firms Recover in Japan? The World Economy, 34(7), 1124–1137.

Ghoul, S. E., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C. Y., & Wang, H. H. (2016). Family Control And Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Banking and Finance, 73, 131–146.

Hackston, D., & Milne, M. J. (1996). Some determinants of social and environmental disclosures inNew Zealand companies. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 9(1), 77–108.

Han, S., You, W., & Nan, S. (2018). Zombie Firms, External Support And Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Evidence From China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1499–1517.

Harrison, J. S., & Coombs, J. E. (2006). Financial Leverage and Social Performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, F1–F5.

Hoshi, T. (2006). Economics of the Living Dead. The Japanese Economic Review, 57(1), 30–49.

Hoshi, T., & Kim, Y. (2013). Macroprudential Policy and Zombie Lending in Korea,. Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research Conference.

Imai, K. (2016). Panel Study Of Zombie Smes In Japan: Identification, Borrowing And Investment Behavior. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 39(C), 91–107.

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior Agency Cost, And Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.

Kane, E. J. (1987). Dangers Of Capital Forbearance: The Case Of The FSLIC And “Zombie” S&Ls. Contemporary Economic Policy, 5(1), 77–83.

KNKG. (2006). Pedoman Umum Good Corporate Governance di Indonesia. Jakarta: Komite Nasional Kebijakan Governance (KNKG).

Lau, C., Lu, Y., & Liang, Q. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility in China: a Corporate Governance Approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 136, 73–87.

Liao, L., Lin, T., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Corporate Board and Corporate Social Responsibility Assurance: Evidence from China. Journal Business Ethics, 150, 211–225.

Matolcsy, Z., Tyler, J., & Wells, P. (2012). Is Continuous Disclosure Associated with Board Independence? Australian Journal of Management, 37(1), 99–124.

Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of Management & Governance, 16(3), 477–509.

Mohrman, M. B., & Stuerke, P. S. (2014). Shareowners’ Equity At Campbell Soup: How Can Equity Be Negative? Accounting Education: An International Journal, 23(4), 386–405.

Noguchi, T. (2019). Asian’s ‘Zombie’ Concentrated In India, Indonesia, And South Korea: Debt-Laden Companies Kept Alive By Easy Credit Have Doubled In Decade. Nikkei Asian Review, 1–6.

Papworth, T. (2013). The Trading Dead: The Zombie Firms Plaguing Britain’s Economy, And What To Do About Them. England.

Park, J., Lee, H., & Kim, C. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibilities, Consumer Trust, and Corporate Reputation: South Korean Consumer’s Perspective. Journal of Business Research, 67(3), 295–302.

Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78–92.

Reeb, D. M., & Zhao, W. (2013). Director Capital and Corporate Disclosure Quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 17(6), 595–612.

Roberts, R. W. (1992). Determinants Of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Application Of Stakeholder Theory. Accounting Organizations and Society, 17(6), 595–612.

Sembiring, E. R. (2005). Karakteristik perusahaan dan pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial: Studi empiris pada perusahaan yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Jakarta. (Company characteristics and disclosures of social responsibility: Empirical study on company listed in Bursa Efek Jakarta). National Accounting Seminar. Solo, Indonesia.

Sudana, I. M., Sasikirono, N., Madyan, M., & Pramono, R. (2019). Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility and Market Performance: Evidence from Indonesia Stock Exchange. Asia Pasific Journal Of Business Review, 3(2), 1–25.

Tan, Y., Huang, Y., & Woo, W. T. (2016). Zombie Firms And The Crowding-Out Of Private Investment In China. Asian Economics Paper, 15(3), 32–55.

Turban, D. B., & Greening, D. W. (1997). Corporate Social Performance and Organizational Attractiveness to Prospective Employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 658–672.

Zubeltzu‐Jaka, E., Álvarez‐Etxeberria, I., & Ortas, E. (2020). The effect of the size of the board of directors on corporate social performance: A meta‐analytic approach. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1361–1374.

Article Metrics

Abstract view(s): 752 time(s)
PDF: 865 time(s)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.