Kajian Patofisiologis Gejala Klinis dan Psikososial Sebagai Dampak Gangguan Fungsi Tiroid pada Wanita Usia Produktif

Mutalazimah Mutalazimah(1*), Budi Mulyono(2), Bhisma Murti(3), Saifuddin Azwar(4)

(1) Program Studi Gizi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Jl. A Yani Tromol Pos I, Pabelan, Surakarta Mahasiswa Program Doktor Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
(2) Bagian Patologi Klinis RSUP DR. Sardjito Yogyakarta
(3) Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Kedokteran UNS
(4) Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Indonesia has not been free from iodine deficiency, demonstrated by the increased prevalence of
total goitre rate (TGR) from 9.8% in 1998, to 11.1% in 2003. New problem that occurs in endemic areas of
iodine deficiency is the presence of iodine excessive, one of them as the impact of universal salt iodization
program (USI) and iodiol supplementation in a long period of time. Both deficiency and excessive of iodine
can result in thyroid dysfunction. Impaired thyroid function is manifest broadly on biopsychosocial aspects,
which is detrimental especially for childbearing women, as a determinant of survival and quality of life for
future generations. Based on the measurement of TSH and FT4, were childbearing women who suffer
subclinical hypothyroidism were 2%, subclinical hyperthyroidism were 26% and euthyroid were 76%.
Biopsychosocial characteristics that can be described from hypothyroid subjects are visible goiter, puffy
face, dry skin, fatigue, decreased concentration, menorrhagia, easily upset, depressed, apathetic and withdrawn.
Meanwhile, the varying percentage of subjects with subclinical hyperthyroidism showed signs and
symptoms
include a palpable
goiter,
heat intolerance, exophthalmos, tiredness, pritibial edema, muscle
weakness,
delicated skin, poor memory,
decreased concentration, menstrual disorders, decreased sexual
libido,
anxiety,
sleep disturbances, irritability,
decreased motivation and decreased social activity.
Therefore
that
the impact of thyroid dysfunction on a biopsychosocial characteristics, does not continue to secondary
diseases,
efforts are needed to increase community awareness to recognize the signs and symptoms of
biopsychosocial
changes. Therefore, the condition of iodine deficiency and excessive can be detected early
and
overcame with adequate therapy.

Keywords

Iodine Deficiency; Iodine Excessive; Thyroid Dysfunction; Biopsychosocial

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ahad, F., and Ganie, S.A. 2010. Iodine, Iodine Metabolism and Iodine Deficiency

Disorders Revisited. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 14(1): 13–

Alsayed. A., Gad, A.M., Baset, H.A., Fattah, A.A., Ahmed, A., and Azab, A. 2008.

Excess Urinary Iodine is Associated with Autoimmune Subclinical

Hypothyroidsm among Egyptian Women. Endocrine Journal 55(3): 601-605.

Bayram, F., Beyazyildiz, A., Gokce, C., Budak, N., Erdogan, N., Kurtoglu, S., Kula,

M., Unluhizarci, K., and Kelestimur, S. 2009. The Prevalence of Iodine

Deficiency, Serum Thyroglobulin, Anti-Thyroglobulin and Thyroid

Peroxidase Antibody Levels in The Urban Areas of Kayseri, Central Anatolia.

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 117(2): 64-68.

Brown, B.T., Bonello, R., and Pollard, H. 2005. The Biopsychosocial Model and

Hypothyroidism. Chiropractic & Osteopathy 13(5): 1-9.

Bunevicius, R., Prange, A.J., 2006. Psychiatric Manifestations of Graves’

Hyperthyroidism Pathophysiology and Treatment Options. Central Nervous

System Drugs 20 (11): 897-909.

Ceresini, G., Lauretani, F., Maggio, M., Ceda, G.P., Morganti, S., and Usberti, E.

Thyroid Function Abnormalities and Cognitive Impairment in The

Elderly. Results of The InCHIANTI Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics

Society 57(1): 89–93.

Charlton, K.E, Gemming, L., Yeatman, H., and Ma, G. 2010. Suboptimal Iodine Status

of Australian Pregnant Women Reûects Poor Knowledge and Practices

Related to Iodine Nutrition. Nutrition 26: 963–968.

DeGroot, L.J. 2010. Diagnosis and Treatment of Graves’ Disease. University of Rhode Island,

Washington. Published: www.thyroidmanager.org. Accessed: Mart 20

Delshad, H., Mehran, L., Azizi, F. 2010. Appropriate Iodine Nutrition in Iran: 20

Years of Success. Acta Medica Iranica 48(6): 361-366.

Fountoulakis, S., Philippou, G., and Tsatsoulis, A. 2007. The Role of Iodine in The

Evolution of Thyroid Disease in Greece: from Endemic Goiter to Thyroid

Autoimmunity. Hormones 6(1): 25-35.

Guan, H., Shan, Z.,, Teng, X., Li, Y., Teng, D., and Jin, Y. 2008. Influence of Iodine on

The Reference Interval of TSH and The Optimal Interval of TSH: Results of a

Follow-up Study in Areas with Different Iodine Intakes. Clinical Endocrinology

: 136–141.

Hermann, D., Hewer, W., and Lederbogen, F. 2004. Testing The Association between

Thyroid Dysfunction and Psychiatric Diagnostic Group in An IodineDeficient

Area. Journal

of Psychiatry and Neuroscience

(6): 444-449.

Henjum, H., Barikmo, I., Gjerlaug, A.K., Lehabib, A.M., Oshaug, A., Strand, T.A.,

and Torheim, L.E. 2010. Endemic Goitre and Excessive Iodine in Urine and

Drinking Water among Saharawi Refugee Children. Public Health Nutrition

(9): 1472–1477.

Lamfon, H.A. 2008. Thyroid Disorders in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Ozean Journal of

Applied Sciences 1(1): 55-58.

Medani, A.M.M.H., Elnour, A.A., and Saeed, A.M. 2011. Endemic Goitre in The

Sudan Despite Iong-Standing Programmes for The Control of Iodine

Deficiency Disorders. Bulletin of The World Health Organization 89: 121-126.

Mutalazimah, and Asyanti, S. 2010. Angka Kecerdasan Anak Sekolah Menurut

Perspektif Kadar Yodium dalam Urin. Jurnal Nutrisia 12(1): 1-7.

Novack, D.H., Cameron, O., Epel, E., Ader, R., Waldstein, S.R., Levenstein, S., Antoni,

M.H., and Wainer, A.R. 2007. Psychosomatic Medicine: The Scientiûc

Foundation of The Biopsychosocial Model. Academic Psychiatry 31: 388–401.

Pearce, E.N., Gerber, A.R., Gootnick, D.B.,, Khan L.K., Li, R., Sampino, and

Braverman, L.E. 2001. Effects of Chronic Iodine Excess in A Cohort of LongTerm

American Workers in West Africa. The

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology

&

Metabolism

(12): 5499–5502.

Sebotsa, M.L.D., Dannhauser, A., Mollentze, W.F., Oosthuizen, G.M., Mahomed, F.A.,

and Jooste, P.L. 2009. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Iodine

among Patients with Hyperthyroidism in The Free State, South Africa. South

African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 22(1): 18-21.

Sirichand, P., Devrajani, B.R., Abbasi, R.M., Shah, S.Z.A., Devrajani, T., and Bibi, I.

Impaired Thyroid Function in Patient with Menstrual Disturbance (An

Experience of A Private Clinic). World Applied Sciences Journal 7(4): 538-542.

Stockigt, J. 2010. Clinical Strategies in The Testing of Thyroid Function. Monash University

and Alfred and Apworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Published by:

www.thyroidmanager.org. Accessed : January 7

Tim GAKY Pusat. 2005. Rencana Aksi Nasional Kesinambungan Program Penanggulangan

th

Gangguan Akibat Kurang Yodium, Tim GAKY Pusat, Jakarta.

Watt, T. 2009. Development of A Danish Thyroid-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire.

PhD Rigshospitalet and Health Service Research. Institute of Public Health.

Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Ge, P., Wang, Y., and Wang, S. 2009. Iodine Deficiency Disorders

after A Decade of Universal Salt Iodization in A Severe Iodine Ddeficiency

Region in China. Indian Journal of Medical Research 130: 413-417.

Wiersinga, W.M. 2010. Adult Hypothyroidism. Published by : www.thyroidmanager.org

Accessed: May 8

Zimmerman, M.B. 2009. Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy and The Effects of Maternal

th

Iodine Supplementation on The Offspring: A Review. American Journal of

Clinical Nutrition 89(suppl):668S–72S.

DOI: 10.23917/jk.v6i1.5506

Article Metrics

Abstract view(s): 651 time(s)
PDF: 16485 time(s)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.